Tradition v.s Common Sense Free Essays

Conventions are an Important part of human life. They are viewed as another lifestyle. Numerous conventions show things of significant worth to kids, things which guardians expectation will be given to people in the future. We will compose a custom article test on Convention v.s Common Sense or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now In numerous social orders be that as it may, customs have assumed control over the presence of mind of the individuals. These days, people aimlessly follow customs, not knowing or in any event, recognizing what they are truly doing. Regardless of whether It Is a celebratory convention or a custom that has been followed since old occasions, unmans won't question the thought processes behind it; they will simply keep on tailing it. In the short story â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, townspeople indiscriminately follow their yearly custom, one that guarantees a real existence consistently. All the locals partake in this occasion realizing that there will be demise yet nobody sets out to stop and question It, Even when a few people do stop and question the reasons that started the convention, they will do nothing about it since it is a custom that has been followed incalculable and they would prefer not to be the main ones to address it or far and away more terrible, not tail it. This shows individuals will endure demonstrations of abhorrence and Injustices In conventions, making them incapable to step out of that circle and see what is truly going on account of their inclination of custom over presence of mind. It doesn't make a difference if the custom FIFO Traditions have been around for a huge number of years, even before socialized human life started. They have been played out everywhere throughout the world, in all purposes of time. In the diagram by Joyce Moss and George Wilson, it is clarified that old societies accepted penances were important to profit the network. Truth be told, during antiquated occasions a convention like â€Å"The Lottery’ was such â€Å"a profoundly respected mean of dynamic that in the long run most city matters were settled by. † Joyce Moss George Wilson) This is on the grounds that customs were among the principle parts or areas of old human life. Indeed, even now, conventions are as yet a major piece of human life. Numerous customs around the globe are a tremendous thing for people. They will make uncommon nourishments, enhancements, and even ceremonies. Be that as it may, a significant number of these customs are performed without thought. Numerous customs are followed on the grounds that it has been done previously, nobody has addressed it previously, thus there is no motivation to stop it now. In â€Å"The Lottery’ one can dissect that the first importance and parts of the convention have in fact been lost and that the custom is followed Just in light of the fact that. The examination made on study mode proposes that â€Å"Substituting pieces of paper for chips of wood, a presentation before the lottery, and a salute to address each person† are a portion of the perspectives that have changed preceding the first lottery, the first that started everything. (Investigation of the Tradition in Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery’) It likewise makes reference to that the real custom has stayed an everyday practice. This prompts the end that the lottery is not, at this point proceeded due to the custom, but since it has been accomplished for such a long time it Just feels option to keep on tailing it. In numerous social orders, customs are a piece of the conventions. Many accept these ceremonies are performed due to religion or a comparable thought. What individuals can be sure of is that not all ceremonies are required or performed in view of religion. Numerous ceremonies are Just performed in light of custom. It doesn't make a difference if the custom is unsafe and actively affects society; numerous social orders will even now perform them Just to prop the convention up. The short story, â€Å"The Lottery’ by Shirley Jackson, shows an ideal case of this. The individuals of the town despite everything play out the custom as a result of the convention held each year. They couldn't care less on the off chance that somebody they love or care for bites the dust; they simply need to follow the custom. Indeed, even the own relatives take part in the custom, which is stoning one of their own relatives to death. These kinds of customs are unbelievable demonstrations of shrewdness yet people despite everything take an interest in them. In the last segment of the diagram by Jennifer Hicks, she clarifies altogether the convention of stoning. In it she clarifies that it was a standing custom. She mentions that the â€Å"original gear for the lottery has been lost some time in the past. † (Hicks) There is a section in the story where elderly person Warner expressed, â€Å"Lottery in June, corn be substantial soon. † This alludes to human penances profiting the network with food, which is something that when the story happens, which is around the 1700 to backtalk, ought to be realized that it isn't genuine. So for what reason do they keep on doing this? It is the straightforward reasons of following a custom. There are numerous worries on why people follow conventions that are unfeeling as opposed to utilizing their presence of mind. A large portion of the issues are because of the way that numerous customs followed by people comprise of carnage or even demise. In numerous social orders, conventions assume a major job, making an ever increasing number of individuals be a piece of them. The principle difficulty is the reason individuals acknowledge conventions that feeling that customs that include slaughter and passing can be nothing but bad to social orders, particularly social orders loaded up with kids. Customs like these will just toxic substance the brains of the youthful with the possibility that a convention must be followed regardless. The explanation individuals don't stop them is on the grounds that they would prefer not to stick out. In the book â€Å"Shirley Jackson† by Friedman Lineman, it clarifies that Shirley Jackson was new to a humble community when she moved. She didn't generally know anyone so she didn't take an interest in the town’s conventions. This caused different towns individuals to take a gander at her abnormal, similar to an outcast. This can think about her short story of â€Å"The Lottery’, in which the investigation can be made that Mrs.. Hutchinson was a pariah, less of Ewing new however the sort that doesn't do what every other person does, for this situation, the custom of the lottery. Obviously these conventions have assumed control over the good judgment of the individuals. Presently, individuals don't think before acting. They Just follow customs exactly. They do no stop to consider their customs and in the event that they are helpful or plain out hazardous. They Just would prefer not to stick out; they need to be equivalent to every other person. It is around these musings that the fundamental concern spins around. People will contend that customs are required when actually they are most certainly not. They have gotten encircled such a great amount by customs; it resembles a second language to them. The short story â€Å"The Lottery’ by Shirley Jackson clarifies how people in the town have been blinded by a convention, which is the lottery. With cautious investigation, it is anything but difficult to recognize every single visually impaired activity did by the residents. Everyone appears to be overall quite Joyful all through the story until the end. â€Å"It appears as if Jackson is saying something with respect to lip service and human underhandedness. † (Analysis of the Tradition in Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery’) What Shirley Jackson needs us to acknowledge y composing this story is that individuals are so blinded by conventions; they may murder somebody thinking it is okay. Shirley Jackson utilizes thoughts like these to recommend that there is a basic fiendishness and shortcoming in people. The town, having performed such a represent such a large number of years, proceeds with it, without any grumblings or inquiries being posed, and the principle reason for existing being to carry on the convention. In the story, it states, â€Å"There’s consistently been a lottery says Old Man Warner. â€Å"Nothing yet inconvenience in that,† he says of stopping the occasion. (122) However, practically all the residents how some sort of uneasiness or dread toward the convention. Remarks like â€Å"Don’t be anxious Jack† (122) and â€Å"Get up there Bill† (123) show that the individuals may not be altogether OK with the lottery. However everybody despite everything obliges it. No one transparently communicates or shows their dread toward the lottery. Shirley Jackson might be attempting to show the peruser that numerous people are not sufficiently able to conflict with or confront their dissatisfaction for the dread of being dismissed by their own general public. Rather, the residents will keep on gambling their lives, yet the lives of their Emily individuals also. She makes proposals that people are not generally who they appear and can walk out on you whenever for their convictions, or for this situation, custom. Since the beginning, people have settled on the decision to pick their customs over their good judgment. They don't think about the impacts that will be caused in light of their activities. These days, individuals in social orders keep on following conventions or â€Å"trends† side to watch a contention, mishap or episode, as opposed to stepping in and taking care of business. They don't step in on the grounds that they would prefer not to hang out before every other person; they don't need the focus on them. They are scared that they will be dismissed later on. It is something very similar with customs. People couldn't care less if there is demise in the convention, they will keep on tailing it as long as they don't stick out and are not dismissed or looked down on. This shows individuals will endure demonstrations of fiendishness and shameful acts in conventions, making them incapable to step out of that circle and see what is truly going on due to their reference of custom over good judgment. Individuals need to stop and consider the impacts brought about by conventions rather than Just aimlessly following the customs of their predecessors. On the off chance that this isn't halted, people in the future will keep on settling on dazzle decisions too, because of the absence of presence of mind. Works Cited â€Å"Analysis of

How Ancient Hunters Used Desert Kites

How Ancient Hunters Used Desert Kites A desert kite (or kite) is a minor departure from a kind of shared chasing innovation utilized by tracker gatherers all through the world. Like comparable old advancements, for example, wild ox hops or pit traps, desert kites include an assortment of individuals intentionally crowding a huge gathering of creatures into pits, fenced in areas, or off steep precipice edges. Desert kites comprise of two long, low dividers by and large worked of unmortared fieldstone and organized in a V-or pipe shape, wide toward one side and with a tight opening prompting a walled in area or pit at the opposite end. A gathering of trackers would pursue or crowd enormous game creatures into the wide end and afterward pursue them down the pipe to the limited end where they would be caught in a pit or stone fenced in area and handily butchered all at once. Archeological proof recommends that the dividers dont must be tall or even very substantialhistorical kite use propose that a line of posts with cloth standards will work similarly just as a stone divider. Be that as it may, kites can't be utilized by a solitary tracker: it is a chasing method that includes a gathering of individuals arranging ahead of time and working mutually to crowd and in the end butcher the creatures. Recognizing Desert Kites Desert kites were first recognized during the 1920s by Royal Air Force pilots flying over the eastern desert of Jordan; the pilots named them kites on the grounds that their diagrams as observed from the air helped them to remember the childrens toy kites. Surviving leftovers of kites number in the thousands, and are circulated all through the Arabian and Sinai promontories and as far northward as southeastern Turkey. Over a thousand have been recorded in Jordan alone. The most punctual desert kites are dated to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B time of ninth eleventh centuries BP, however the innovation was utilized as of late as the 1940s to chase the Persian goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa). Ethnographic and noteworthy reports of these exercises express that commonly 40-60 gazelles could be caught and executed in a solitary occasion; once in a while, up to 500-600 creatures could be slaughtered on the double. Remote detecting methods have recognized well more than 3,000 surviving desert kites, in a wide assortment of shapes and arrangements. Paleohistory and Desert Kites Throughout the decades since the kites were first distinguished, their capacity has been bantered in archeological circles. Until around 1970, a larger part of archeologists accepted that the dividers were utilized to group creatures into cautious corrals in the midst of peril. Yet, archeological proof and ethnographic reports including recorded memorable butchering scenes have driven most analysts to dispose of the protective clarification. Archeological proof for the utilization and dating of kites incorporates unblemished, or somewhat flawless stone dividers reaching out for a good ways from a couple of meters to a couple of kilometers. For the most part, they are constructed where the common habitat helps the exertion, on level land between restricted profoundly etched gorges or watercourses. A few kites have built slopes driving delicately upward to expand the drop-off toward the end. Stone-walled or oval pits at the limited end are by and large somewhere in the range of six and 15 meters down; they are additionally stone-walled and sometimes are incorporated with cells so the creatures cannot increase enough speed to jump out. Radiocarbon dates on charcoal inside the kite pits are utilized to date the time that the kites were being used. Charcoal isnt regularly found along the dividers, in any event not related with the chasing system, and radiance of the stone dividers has been utilized to date them. Mass Extinction and Desert Kites Faunal stays in the pits are uncommon, yet incorporate gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa or G. dorcas), Arabian (Oryx leucoryx), hartebeest (Alcelaphus bucelaphus), wild asses (Equus africanus and Equus hemionus), and ostrich (Struthio camelus); these species are presently uncommon or extirpated from the Levant. Archeological research at the Mesopotamian site of Tell Kuran, Syria, has recognized what seems, by all accounts, to be a store from a mass murder coming about because of the utilization of a kite; scientists accept that the abuse of desert kites may have prompted the elimination of these species, however it may likewise be environmental change in the area prompting changes in territorial fauna. Sources Bar-Oz, G., et al. â€Å"Role of Mass-Kill Hunting Strategies in the Extirpation of Persian Gazelle (Gazella Subgutturosa) in the Northern Levant.†Ã‚ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 108, no. 18, 2011, pp. 7345â€7350.Holzer, An., et al. â€Å"Desert Kites in the Negev Desert and Northeast Sinai: Their Function, Chronology and Ecology.†Ã‚ Journal of Arid Environments, vol. 74, no. 7, 2010, pp. 806â€817.Kennedy, David. â€Å"The ‘Works of the Old Men’ in Arabia: Remote Sensing in Interior Arabia.†Ã‚ Journal of Archeological Science, vol. 38, no. 12, 2011, pp. 3185â€3203.Kennedy, David. â€Å"Kites - New Discoveries and a New Type.†Ã‚ Arabian Archeology and Epigraphy, vol. 23, no. 2, 2012, pp. 145â€155.Nadel, Dani, et al. â€Å"Walls, Ramps and Pits: the Construction of the Samar Desert Kites, Southern Negev, Israel.†Ã‚ Antiquity, vol. 84, no. 326, 2010, pp. 976â€992.Rees, L.W.B. â€Å"The Transjordan D esert.†Ã‚ Antiquity, vol. 3, no. 12, 1929, pp. 389â€407.

What Is the Definition of Delusion

What Is the Definition of Delusion Bipolar Disorder Print Identifying, Treating, and Coping With Delusions By Amy Morin, LCSW facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our editorial policy Amy Morin, LCSW Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on February 19, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on November 22, 2019 JGI/Jamie Gril / Blend Images / Getty Images More in Bipolar Disorder Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment In This Article Table of Contents Expand Causes Associated Conditions Types of Delusions Coping and Treatment View All Back To Top Delusions are defined as beliefs that conflict with reality. Despite contrary evidence, individuals with delusions can’t let go of their convictions. Delusions are often reinforced by the misinterpretation of events. Most delusions involve some level of paranoia. For example, someone might contend that the government is controlling our every move via radio waves. Causes Researchers aren’t exactly sure what causes some individuals to develop delusions. It appears a variety of genetic, biological, psychological, and environmental factors are at play. Psychotic disorders seem to run in families, so researchers suspect there is a genetic component to delusions. Children born to a parent with schizophrenia, for example, may be at a higher risk of developing delusions. Abnormalities in the brain may also play a role. An imbalance of neurotransmitters (chemical messengers in the brain) may increase the likelihood that an individual will develop delusions. Trauma and stress may also trigger delusions. Individuals who tend to be isolated appear more vulnerable to developing the delusional disorder as well. Associated Conditions Delusions are often part of psychotic disorders. They may occur along with hallucinations. Hallucinations involve perceiving something that isn’t really there, like hearing voices or feeling bugs crawling on your skin. Delusions may be symptoms of mental health problems or brain disorders. The following are some conditions that may involve delusions. Delusional Disorder. Individuals with delusional disorder experience delusions without any hallucinations. They also don’t exhibit any significant mood symptoms or markedly impaired functioning. With an estimated .2 percent of the population meeting the criteria, it’s considered a rare mental illness.Brief Psychotic Disorder. Individuals with a brief psychotic disorder experience hallucinations, delusions, or disorganized speech. Their symptoms persist for one month or less.Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia involves “positive symptoms,” such as hallucinations or delusions. It also involves “negative symptoms,” such as flat affects, reduced feelings of pleasure in everyday life, difficulty beginning and sustaining activities, and reduced speaking.Schizophreniform Disorder. Individuals with schizophreniform disorder experience similar symptoms to schizophrenia for less than six months.Schizoaffective Disorder. Schizoaffective disorder involves symptoms of schizophrenia as well a s a mood issue, like depression or mania.Delusional Symptoms in Partner of Individual With Delusional Disorder. Sometimes, people share delusions. This is most common in individuals who reside together and have little contact with the outside world.Substance/Medication-Induced Psychotic Disorder. Drug or alcohol intoxication or withdrawal may cause some individuals to experience delusions. Symptoms are usually brief and tend to resolve once the drug is cleared. Psychosis triggered by amphetamines, cocaine, or PCP may persist for weeks.Mood disorders. Sometimes, individuals with depression or bipolar disorder may experience delusions.Postpartum psychosis. Hormonal shifts after giving birth may trigger postpartum psychosis in some women. Some research indicates it is linked to bipolar disorder.Dementia. Roughly one-third of individuals with dementia experience delusions. Often, the delusions involve paranoia, such as thinking family members or caretakers are stealing from them.Parkins on’s Disease. Approximately 50 percent of individuals with Parkinson’s Disease experience hallucinations and delusions. Types of Delusions Delusions usually involve a specific theme. Erotomanic In this type of delusion, an individual believes that a person (usually of higher social standing) is in love with him or her. An example of this would be a man who believes an actress loves him and thinks she’s communicating with him via secret signal hand gestures in her TV show. Grandiose In grandiose delusions, an individual believes he or she has great talent, fame, wealth, or power despite the lack of evidence. An instance of this would be a woman who believes a god gave her the power to save the universe and every day she completes certain tasks that will help the planet continue on. Persecutory An individual with persecutory delusions believes he or she is being spied on, drugged, followed, slandered, cheated on, or somehow mistreated. For instance, a woman who believes her boss is drugging the employees by adding a substance to the water cooler has persecutory delusions. She thinks the drug makes people work harder.   Jealous An individual might believe his or her partner is unfaithful. For instance, a man believes his partner is meeting her lover every time she uses the restroom in public settingsâ€"he also thinks she is sending her lover secret messages through other people (like the cashier in a grocery store). Somatic An individual believes that he or she is experiencing physical sensations or bodily dysfunctions under the skin, or is suffering from a general medical condition or defect. For instance, a man believes there are parasites living inside his body. Mixed or Unspecified When delusions don’t fall into a single category and no single theme dominates, the delusions are considered “mixed.” If an individual’s delusions don’t fall into a specific category or the delusion type can’t be clearly determined, mental health professionals may refer to them as “unspecified.” Coping and Treatment It’s important for anyone experiencing delusions to seek professional help. Usually, the individual experiencing a delusion, however, doesn’t see her or his belief as a problem (since by definition, the person experiencing delusions believes the delusion to be fact). Usually, concerned loved ones must bring the issue to the attention of a healthcare professional. In some cases, psychiatric hospitalization is required to help a person with delusions to become stabilized. Hospital admission may be necessary if an individual becomes a danger to himself/herself or someone else. Treatment for delusions often includes a combination of medication and therapy. Medications may include: Anti-psychoticsâ€"used to block dopamine receptors in the brain (Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is believed to be involved in the development of delusions.)Atypical antipsychoticsâ€"used to block dopamine and serotonin receptors in the brain (Atypical antipsychotics are often used when an individual has a delusional disorder.)Tranquilizersâ€"may be used to address anxiety, agitation, or sleep issuesAntidepressantsâ€"may be used to treat depression if someone with a delusion is experiencing a mood issue Therapy Therapy may include cognitive-behavioral therapy. It can help an individual learn to recognize and change unhelpful thoughts and behaviors. Family therapy is often part of treatment as well. Family members may learn how to support someone who is experiencing delusions and may learn strategies for helping individuals live their best life. Managing the environment can help someone with delusions. If someone believes the government is spying on them through the TV, it may be best for that individual to avoid watching television. Or, if someone believes he’s being followed when he goes into the community alone, it may be best to have someone go with him. There is some research that suggests certain supplements may help reduce delusions. Some studies have found omega-3 fatty acids to be helpful in reducing the symptoms of psychosis. Other studies have found B vitamins to show promise in reducing psychosis. Before starting any type of alternative treatment, speak with a physician about the potential risks, side effects, and medication interactions. A Word From Verywell Most disorders that involve delusions aren’t curable, but they are treatable. Some individuals with delusions are able to live healthy, productive lives with few symptoms. Others struggle to work, maintain healthy relationships, and undergo activities of daily living. It is best to speak with a healthcare professional about your delusions, or, if you have a loved one experiencing them, to do your best to work with a healthcare professional to provide your loved one with help.

6 Tips to Liven Up Your Lectures

Many graduate students find themselves at the head of the classroom, first as teaching assistants and later as instructors. However, graduate study often doesn’t teach students how to teach, and not all grad student instructors first serve as TAs. Instead, most graduate students find themselves instructing a college class with little to no teaching experience. When faced with the challenge of teaching despite little experience, most grad students turn to the techniques they have experienced as students. The lecture method is a common teaching tool. A poor lecture is painful for both students and the instructor. Lecturing is a traditional method of instruction, perhaps the oldest form of instruction. It has its detractors who argue that it is a passive means of education. However, the lecture is not always passive. A good lecture is not simply a list of facts or a reading of the textbook. An effective lecture is the result of planning and making a series of choices — and it need not be boring. 1.  Dont Cover It All Exert restraint in planning each class session. You will not be able to cover all of the material in the text and assigned readings. Accept that. Base your lecture on the most important material in the reading assignment, a topic from the reading that students are likely to find difficult, or material that doesnt appear in the text. Explain to students that you wont repeat much of the material in the assigned readings, and their job is to read carefully and critically, identifying and bringing questions about the readings to class. 2.  Make Choices Your lecture should present no more than three or four major issues, with time for examples and questions. Anything more than a few points and your students will be overwhelmed. Determine the critical message of your lecture and then remove the adornments. Present the bare bones in a succinct story. Students will absorb the salient points easily if they are few in number, clear, and coupled with examples. 3.  Present in Small Chunks Break up your lectures so that they are presented in 20-minute chunks. Whats wrong with a 1- or 2-hour lecture? Research shows that students remember the first and the last ten minutes of lectures, but little of the intervening time. Undergraduate students have a limited attention span — so take advantage of it to structure your class. Switch gears after each 20-minute mini-lecture and do something different. For example, pose a discussion question, a short in-class writing assignment, a small group discussion, or problem-solving activity. 4.  Encourage Active Processing Learning is a constructive process. Students must think about the material, make connections, relate new knowledge to what is already known, and apply knowledge to new situations. Only by working with information do we learn it. Effective instructors use active learning techniques in the classroom. Active learning is a student-centered instruction that forces students to manipulate the material to solve problems, answer questions, examine cases, discuss, explain, debate, brainstorm, and formulate questions of their own. Students tend to prefer active learning techniques because they are engaging and fun. 5.  Pose Reflective Questions The simplest way of using active learning techniques in the classroom is to ask reflective questions. These are not yes or no questions, but those that require students to think. For example, â€Å"What would you do in this particular situation? How would you approach solving this problem?† Reflective questions are difficult and will require time to think, so be prepared to wait for an answer. Endure the silence. 6.  Get Them Writing Rather than simply pose a discussion question, ask students to write about the question first for three to five minutes, then solicit their responses. The benefit of asking students to consider the question in writing is that they will have time to think through their response and feel more comfortable discussing their views without fear of forgetting their point. Asking students to work with the course content and determine how it fits with their experiences enables them to learn in their own way, making the material personally meaningful, which is at the heart of active learning. In addition to the educational  benefits, breaking up a lecture and interspersing it with discussion and active learning takes the pressure off of you as the instructor. An hour and 15 minutes, or even 50 minutes, is a long time to talk. Its also a long time to listen.  Try these techniques and vary your strategies to make it easier on everyone and increase your likelihood of success in the classroom.

The Battle Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh - 931 Words

Tablet IV tells the story of Gilgamesh and Enkidu partaking in their adventure to the edge of the Cedar Forest, and their encounter with a guard, an enemy. Throughout this battle, Gilgamesh loses faith in the couples ability to defeat the guard but is ultimately talked back into his heroic mindset by The Gods. In column VI, having just defeated the guard, Enkidu then finds himself in a similar situation to Gilgamesh, whereby he doubts their ability to defeat Humbaba, and it comes down to Gilgamesh, and his leadership to reiterate the ongoing theme of companionship in order to convince Enkidu to continue fighting in order to finish the battle. The theme of the inevitability of death is also shown throughout this column, with Enkidu’s injury being a clear indication of what is undoubtedly going to happen later in the poem. Column VI of the Epic of Gilgamesh begins with Enkidu seeking reassurance and support from Gilgamesh in the lack of a God’s presence. This reiterate s the theme of companionship that is coherent throughout the poem and conforms to the epic hero cycle of being accompanied by a companion. Enkidu is injured and informs Gilgamesh â€Å"I lost my strength in this crushed hand when the gate slammed shut.† (Tablet IV. 38). In saying that he has lost strength, Enkidu is not only informing Gilgamesh that he is physically harmed from the previous battle, but is also bringing up one of the reoccurring themes of the poem: the inevitability of death. His loss of strengthShow MoreRelatedGilgamesh : The Epic Of Gilgamesh909 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"The Epic of Gilgamesh† is a didactic story set out to expose the inevitability of death. The true meaning of this story is sometimes overlooked because the story is told in heighten language not easily understood. The epic hero in this story is Gilgamesh; he undertakes a quest for knowledge which is overshadowed by his ignorance. 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Beowulf had superhuman qualities such as having the strength of thirty men, but was born a mortal man. On the contrary, Gilgamesh was a demigod as he was born two-thirds god and one-thirdRead MoreCompare Contrast Gilgamesh and Beowulf1426 Words   |  6 PagesComparison and Contrast Essay Final Draft: Gilgamesh vs. Beowulf The epics of Beowulf and Gilgamesh are about a pair of heroes who had many common characteristics as well as characteristics that contradict one another. Beowulf is a Christian epic that roots from the Anglo Saxon culture. Throughout the plot, there are numerous biblical allusions. â€Å"Grendel who haunted the moors, the wild Marshes, and made his home in a hell not hell but earth. He was spawned in that slime, conceived by a pair of

An Intro To Psychology Architecture Essay Free Essays

The term Hypnosis comes from the Grecian ‘ypnos ‘ which means sleep because of the Trance State. However Hypnosis is non sleep because the topic stays qui vive, can speak and travel, and the encephalon moving ridges differ ( What is Hypnosis, n.d. We will write a custom essay sample on An Intro To Psychology Architecture Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now ) . In modern yearss Hypnosis has been used for a figure of grounds. Some people try to halt smoke, loose weight, drug dependence and alcohol addiction Bi Polar upset, ADHD, and schizophrenic disorder, and stress management.A As you can see Hypnosis can and is being used in all sorts of signifiers. For several decennaries, or even centuries, hypnosis was more seen as a circus or charming act. Because of this it has taken for a while to convert the populace that it besides has its practical utilizations. As to the history of hypnosis, the usage of it can be dated back all the manner to the early ages of civilisation. In ancient times, worlds used it for mending intents, particularly in spiritual ceremonials. For illustration, an Indian priest-doctors entered into a procedure of strong visual image and suggestion during which he willed to mend the ill individual. The first modern type of hypnosis started with carnal hypnosis. In 1600-s husbandmans calmed poulets hypnotically by utilizing different methods. In 1800-s people hypnotized birds, coneies, toads and other animate beings. B. Danilewsky experimented with carnal hypnosis and studied its physiological workings in animate beings ( Hypnosis Black Secrets, n.d. ) . The first individual to look into this portion of psychological science was Franz Anton Mesmer ( 1734-1815 ) , an Austrian doctor, who is widely acknowledged as the ‘Father of Hypnosis ‘ . Franz believed that there was a quasi-magnetic fluid in the really air that we breathe and that the organic structure ‘s ‘ nervousnesss someway absorbed this fluid. He cured most of his patients by using magnets to different parts of the organic structure to alter the magnetic flows of the organic structure ( Mark, R. 2002 ) . He was the sire of all major scientists who studied Hypnosis after him, for illustration Marquis de Puysegur and Dr. John Elliotson. Now that we know a small spot about how Hypnosis started, allow ‘s happen out what hypnosis is? Harmonizing to the Encyclopedia Britannica: â€Å" Hypnosis is a particular psychological province with certain physiological properties, resembling slumber merely superficially and marked by a operation of the person at a degree of consciousness other than the ordinary witting province. This province is characterized by a grade of increased receptivity and reactivity in which interior experiential perceptual experiences are given as much significance as is by and large given merely to external world ( Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. ) . This brings us to the following inquiry, what is hypnosis used for? A better inquiry would really be what ca n’t Hypnosis be used for? A Hypnosis, today, is being used for multiple jobs. Some of the more common 1s would be people who try to halt smoke, others who would wish to lose weight and have tried everything else and it did n’t work. Some us hypnosis to cover with emphasis related jobs. These would be the more normally know countries hypnosis is used for. Other less known countries hypnosis can be used for would be in assisting epilepsy patients and patients with palsy, Multiple induration, AIDS and malignant neoplastic disease. Hypnosis can in some of these instances help to better the quality of life and in some instances assist in easing a remedy. The most of import portion of this side of Hypnosis is to retrieve that merely people with a grade in medical specialty should pattern hypnosis for these sorts of jobs. An exclusion might be that doctors will give you a referral to a hypnotizer, who is really good reversed it what you need him to make. Hypnosis has besides been known Os have been applied for child birth conditioning and of class the benefits are enhanced if they are used in combination with La Maze take a breathing techniques. There are besides experts who utilize hypnosis for drug dependence and alcohol addiction, these experts are familiar with the 12 stairss of AA and Al-anon and hold pattern in the 12 measure plans and cognize how to utilize hypnosis to assist their clients. Other experts employ hypnosis to assist adult females with the symptoms of PMS ( premenstrual emphasis ) and other hormone related wellness upsets. Hypnosis besides has been found to assist people with ADHD and schizophrenic disorder and bi-polar ( Watkins, 2008 ) . Another particular signifier of hypnosis-called wakened hypnosis — is most effectual for covering with anxiousness panic onslaught. Hypnosis – Hypnosis is sometimes used in combination with cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiousness. While you ‘re in a province of deep relaxation, the hypnotherapist uses different curative techniques to assist you confront your frights and expression at them in new ways ( Anxiety Attacks and Disorders, n.d. ) . Last but non least, and likely one of the most known utilizations for hypnosis, is to utilize it for diging into repressed kid goon memories. Clinical hypnosis can be used to get the better of many of the clients mental and wellness jobs by theoretically turn uping the beginning of the job in their childhood. This pattern of hypnosis has come under fire recently, some statements made by people that underwent hypnosis to bring out pent-up kid goon memories were really used for cases against parents, siblings and other household members. After long probes most of these instances nil more than person ‘s purportedly long-repressed memories that all of a sudden surfaced under therapy. After reexamining 60 old ages of research and happening no controlled research lab support for the construct of repression, a good known research worker D.S. Holmes suggested, merely half jestingly, that any usage of the construct be preceded by a warning: â€Å" Warning. The construct of repression h as non been validated with experimental research and its usage may be risky to the accurate reading of clinical behaviour † ( Holmes, 1990 ) Ricker, n.d. ) . Defense judicial proceeding in such instances of hypnosis has raised improperness and incompetence on the portion of the healer or practician utilizing hypnosis and/or implicative techniques to retrieve â€Å" repressed † memories which false lead the client to believe that their current symptoms are due to being sexual abused as a kid ( Hansen, 1996 ) . There have been besides studies of tooth doctor utilizing hypnosis during dental surgery to wipe out the hurting. Another usage of hypnosis is called Self-hypnosis, this happens when you hypnotize yourself. This is frequently more practical as a emphasis direction tool than normal hypnosis, as you do non necessitate to hold a hypnotist nowadays. Self hypnosis works reasonably much the same manner as speculation, it helps you loosen up and deflect your head from unpleasant ideas. Together with speculation and imagination, self hypnosis can be a powerful tool to battle day-to-day emphasis and go a portion of a day-to-day emphasis direction modus operandi ( Self Hypnosis, n.d. ) . In decision, as you can see hypnosis can successfully be used for every conceivable job that can problem worlds. In this essay I touched on merely a few utilizations of Hypnosis, the more common 1s like childhood repressed memories, halt smoke, weight loss and stress direction and some of the lesser known 1s like hurting control and child birth. There are likely many more utilizations for hypnosis to be discovered we have n’t thought of yet. Mentions Anxiety Attacks and Disorders: Signs, symptoms, and intervention. ( n.d. ) .Helpguide.org: Understand, prevent and decide life ‘s challenges. Retrieved April 7, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //helpguide.org/mental/anxiety_types_symptoms_treatment.htm Hansen, J. , A ; R.H.A.. ( 1996 ) . Hypnosis – controversial once more.The Ross Institute Internet Archives for the Study of Destructive Cults, Controversial Groups and Motions. Retrieved April 7, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.rickross.com /reference/ false_memories/fsm25.html History of Hypnosis: from antediluvian times to modern hypnosis. ( n.d. ) .Hypnosis and self hypnosis secrets -learn hypnosis online. Retrieved April 7, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hypnosisblacksecrets.com/learn-hypnosis/history-of-hypnosis-from-ancient-times-to-nowadays Ibadov, O. ( n.d. ) . History of Hypnosis: From priest-doctors to instant hypnosis.Self Improvement from SelfGrowth.com. Retrieved April 7, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.selfgrowth.com /articles/ History_of_Hypnosis_From_Shamans_to_Instant_Hypnosis.html Mark, R. ( 2002 ) Hypnosis ( psychological science ) — Britannica Online Encyclopedia. ( n.d. ) .Encyclopedia – Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 7, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/279820/hypnosis Ricker, J. , A ; Ph.D.. ( n.d. ) . Section 6-16: What are false memories? .Scottsdale Community College. Retrieved April 7, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scottsdalecc.edu/ricker/psy101/readings/Section_6/6-16.html Self-Hypnosis – Relaxation Techniques from Mind Tools. ( n.d. ) .Mind tools – direction preparation, leading preparation and calling raining – right here, right now.. Retrieved April 7, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mindtools.com/stress/RelaxationTechniques/SelfHypnosis.htm The history of hypnosis.Essortment Articles: Free online articles on wellness, scientific discipline, instruction A ; more... Retrieved April 7, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.essortment.com/all/hypnosishistory_rcdg.htm Watkins, C. ( 2008 ) . Hypnotherapy.Northern County Psychiatric Associates Home Page. Retrieved April 7, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncpamd.com/medical_hypnosis.htm What Is Hypnosis – Toronto Naturopathic Clinic. ( n.d. ) .Toronto Naturopathic Clinic – Toronto Naturopath Sushma Shah ND ( Yonge A ; Davisville ). Retrieved April 7, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.naturesintentionsnaturopathy.com/hypnosis.htm How to cite An Intro To Psychology Architecture Essay, Essay examples

Roman Catholicism and Abortion an Example of the Topic History Essays by

Roman Catholicism and Abortion Religion is an important part of the current abortion debate. The rise of an abortion rights mentality can be regarded, on one level, as an instance of the rapid pace of secularization. On another level, it is part of a much older and long-standing problematic. Some authors regard the rise of an abortion rights mentality as a continuation of the individualism of the Protestant Reformation and an extension of the antitraditionalism of the Enlightenment (Falik 17). Need essay sample on "Roman Catholicism and Abortion" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed While there is indeed a sizeable segment of strictly secular feminists, the importance of religion for contemporary feminism is a theme much in evidence not only in the four authors we shall be treating but in others as well (Midgely and Hughes 8-9). While some feminists may indeed show an antipathy toward religion, it is not the case that pro-choice feminism necessarily follows their lead (Tripp 50). To put it in another way: the abortion mentality is at home in atheism; it is out of place in Christianity. This opposition to the practice of human abortion comes about not because the Christian Church is misogynist, as some feminists such as Beverly Harrison will argue, but because the act of abortion does violence to both mother and child, creatures of a loving God in whose image both were made. While there is an undeniable link between the practice of abortion and the attitude of atheism, no such link exists between abortion and feminism. Here again we do well to remember: There are many feminisms. There are only two consistent attitudes to abortion: one is the extreme feminist one; the other is that held by Roman Catholics. The middle way, that abortion is all right sometimes, depending on the circumstances, and justified by situation ethics (i.e., it depends on situation), is morally and logically absurd (Kenny 2). In a recent anthology of feminist theology, Ann Loades declares that all Christianity owes a debt of gratitude to the Roman Catholic Church because of the way the Church puts the issues "out front." The Catholic Church's teaching on the immorality of procured abortion stands in direct opposition to much of contemporary feminist ideology which maintains, in the words of Stella Browne, that "abortion must be the key to a new world for women." During the tumultuous period of the 1960s when abortion as an absolute right was first proposed by some radical feminists, the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church on the immorality of directly procured abortion is clearly reiterated by the Second Vatican Council: "From the moment of its conception life must be guarded with the greatest care, while abortion and infanticide are unspeakable crimes." Thus, we ought not to find it surprising that the Church's teaching on abortion is not far from the minds of feminist theorists. Indeed, the Church's teaching is regarded as the major moral obstacle to the feminist desire for a right to an abortion. Each of the four feminist thinkers will in her own way attempt to grapple with Roman Catholic moral teaching as she seeks to overcome the chief barrier to "a new world for women" (Luker 45). Thus, abortion in the terms of Catholicism is not merely any sin; it is the mortal sin of murder, which removes all grace from the one who commits it and results (if not repented of prior to death) in an eternity in Hell. A secondary offense to the Catholic faith of the act of abortion is in its perceived role in undermining the family. For Catholic believers, the Church is the "family of God," consisting in the spiritual realm of God the Father, Jesus the Son and brother of believers, the Blessed Virgin Mother Mary, and a holy family of saints throughout time that intercede continually for those still on earth. For the faithful Catholic, this extended family in the spiritual realm is an ideal toward which flesh-and-blood families in the material realm should be striving at all times. The national legalization of abortion as a right occurred at a sensitive moment in Catholic history. While traditionalists maintained their unwavering respect for Marian doctrine, the teachings on birth control and abortion, and other factors reinforcing the abolitionist position, other long-standing traditions were falling by the wayside. Younger Catholics were beginning to find many of the old ways an uncomfortable fit in the modern world, and the modern world was beginning to intrude into Catholicism. Encouraged by the liberalizing reforms of Vatican II, young Catholics and those less connected to the traditions and conservatism of the Church found a variety of ways to explore the world beyond. Pope John XXIII's endorsement of ecumenism gave young Catholics an excuse to breach the walls of the Church and form friendships with non-Catholic Christians. Where before a young Catholic girl might be unlikely to associate (and, especially, date) outside the faith, ecumenism and the new "openness to the totality of Christian and human history" made it acceptable to explore other possibilities ( Bokenkotter, 1977: 366). As Marty observes: The Council [Vatican II] helped shatter the old image of Catholic unity. Gone was the Latin Mass, one old bond; gone also were many rules that commanded uniform participation. Now Catholics were free to eat meat on Friday; they were not necessarily expected to use the rosary as before for prayer, or to make pilgrimages or attend specified devotions. Priests and nuns often changed from religious garb to street clothes. For an American to be told that someone was a Roman Catholic did little to certify his or her membership in a group; there were fewer distinguishing badges than before (Marty 465). The evidence indicates that the changes in the Church caused some simply to leave. Vatican Il was immediately followed by a precipitous drop in seminary enrollments and in the number of practicing Catholic clergy and "a substantial decline in the proportion of Catholics attending mass during any given week" (Finke and Stark 261). As Bokenkotter says, "Having been taught to think of the Mass as a mysterious unchangeable set of ceremonies originating with Christ himself, the average Catholic was not intellectually, spiritually, or emotionally prepared for" the changes in procedure encouraged by Vatican Il (Bokenkotter 368). The Church, as Roe came down, was in a crisis of authority, leadership, and respect. The youth were leaving, the clergy were in rebellion, and few things seemed secure in the Catholic world. The aftermath of Vatican II "amounted to a major revolution or, as some have called it, a Copernican shift in consciousness. Thanks to the Second Vatican Council, Catholics have been forced to re-examine many of their most cherished practices and traditions. Such a process was bound to be disruptive, but the sheer magnitude of the crisis it provoked astonished everyone" (Bokenkotter 386). In the midst of this upheaval, traditional Catholics found comfort in the solidity of their Church's positions on contraception and abortion. Although many of the ritualistic expressions of Catholicism were relaxed in Vatican II and believers no longer felt pressured to participate in such traditions, the abortion abolition enterprise encouraged symbolic behavior. Prayer cards, novenas, Marian devotions, candle lighting, and the like were familiar and comfortable to Catholic abolitionists, and the enterprise offered an environment in which the most traditional Catholic behaviors were welcomed and nurtured. In the post--Vatican II world, the abortion abolition enterprise offered believers an arena in which they could practice their traditional devotions in a spiritually fulfilling effort with papal support against a hostile outside culture. Remaining strongly pro-life in the post--Vatican II atmosphere allowed believers at least one more of Marty's "distinguishing badges" of Catholici sm. While the Catholic Church was struggling to retain its membership and standing unapologetically behind its centuries-old tradition of opposing abortion, conservative Protestants, evangelicals, and Pentecostals were reveling in new membership and, to put it in pop theological terms, "majoring on the spiritual." While these citizens did vote, they did not tend to involve themselves in other aspects of politics, as it was a worldly concern. Instead, conservative evangelicals, Pentecostals, and charismatics continued to build their parallel culture, all but ignoring the nation around them. For the Catholic Church, a culturewide acceptance of abortion also represented a direct threat to her existence, in its potential both to destroy unborn life and to lure young Catholics into immoral behavior. The Vatican's positions on birth control and nonmarital sex make her especially vulnerable to what pro-choice activists would call a "need" for the availability of abortion. The association of abortion with what the Church calls artificial birth control and what the pro-choice movement calls family planning adds to its offensiveness to faithful Catholics. The position of the Church, consistently held through her history, is that "deliberately and directly interfering with the marital act in order to prevent conception or birth is a gravely evil action" (Stravinskas 139). In 1967, after a three-year period of study, the Pope rejected the recommendations of his commission on contraception and strengthened the Church's position against birth control. In addition, the Church finds abortion anathema in that it is often a murder compounding another sin. Whether it is the failed use of contraception or the uncontrolled use of nonmarital sex, for the Vatican there is no excuse to use abortion (an act of murder) to correct or to hide the circumstances of the pregnancy (though these circumstances are also mortal sins). The social acceptance of abortion as an escape mechanism, according to the Vatican, increases the incidence of immoral sexual behavior. As long as one can abort an unwanted fetus, there is no real need to exercise the self-control taught by the Bible and the Church in matters of personal sexual morality. The Pope states: "the negative values inherent in the 'contraceptive mentality'--which is very different from responsible parenthood, lived in respect for the full truth of the conjugal act--are such that they in fact strengthen this temptation when an unwanted life is conceived" (John Paul 11 23). These positions, however, effectively require that the Church minimize the availability of abortion if at all possible. Unless the Church is convincing in her case that abortion is murder, a Catholic woman may well see it as a way of preventing anyone from finding out that she has committed the sin of premarital sex or adultery. And, even in the case of married people, in reality, as Noonan recognized as early as 1965, many American Catholics practice birth control regardless of the teaching. Contraception badly practiced often leads to pregnancy, and once one has committed one serious sin, there would seem to be little left to argue against another that has the potential to "fix" the first. In order to prevent Catholics from having abortions, the Church must either convince her members that abortion is an especially serious sin with mortal consequences, or depend on the surrounding culture to carry the message-ideally, both. When the surrounding culture, by accepting the Roe decisio n without apparent objection, made it clear that it would no longer provide that assistance, the Vatican could not help but harden her position. Works Cited Bokenkotter Thomas. (1977). A Concise History of the Catholic Church. New York: Image Books, Doubleday. Falik, Marilyn. Ideology and Abortion Policy Politics New York: Praeger Scientific Studies, 1983. Finke Roger, and Rodney Stark. (1992). The Churching of America 1776-1990: Winners and Losers in Our Religious Economy. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. John Paul II, (1995). The Gospel of Life (Evangelium Vitae): The Encyclical Letter on Abortion, Euthanasia, and the Death Penalty in Today's World. New York: Times Books, a division of Random House. Kenny, Mary. Abortion: The Whole Story. London and New York: Quartet Books, 1986. Luker, Kristin. Taking Chances: Abortion and the Decision Not to Contracept. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975. Marty Martin E. (1984). Pilgrims in Their Own Land: 500 Years of Religion in America. New York: Penguin. Midgely, Mary and Hughes, Judith. Women's Choices: Philosophical Problems Facing Feminism. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1983. Stravinskas Rev. Peter M. J., ed. (1991). Our Sunday Visitor's Catholic Encyclopedia. Huntington, IN: Our Sunday Visitor. Tripp, Maggie. Woman in the Year 2000. New York: Arbor House, 1974.

Bibliography Essay Example

Bibliography Essay Example Bibliography Paper Bibliography Paper Essay Topic: Kurt Vonnegut Short Stories Slaughterhouse Five Willa Cather Short Stories BOOKS AND JOURNAL ARTICLES AINSLIE, GEORGE, BREAKDOWN OF WILL (2001). Ainslie, George, Prà ©cis of Breakdown of Will, 28 BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN SCI. 635 (2005). AKERLOF, GEORGE A. ROBERT J. SHILLER, ANIMAL SPIRITS: HOW HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY DRIVES THE ECONOMY, AND WHY IT MATTERS FOR GLOBAL CAPITALISM (2009). Alcamo, J. et al., Future long-term changes in global water resources driven by socio-economic and climate changes, 52 HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES 247 (2007). Alon, Gideon, Bill Would Abolish Future Generations Commissioner, Haaretz NewsChapter online, 2 November 2006, (downloaded 6 April 2011, 3:30pm) haaretz.com/print-edition/news/billwould-abolish-future generations-commissioner-1.204035. Ambachtsheer, Keith et al., Trustee Competency, 35 PENSIONS INVESTMENTS 18 (2007). Ambachtsheer, Keith, Dedicated Governance a ‘Win-Win’ Solution, 25 PENSIONS INVESTMENTS 14   (1997). Ambachtsheer, Keith, Why we Need a Pension Revolution, 63 FIN. ANALYSTS J. 21 (2007). Anderson, Barry James Sheppard, Fiscal Futures, Institutional Budget Reforms, and Their Effects: What can be learned?, 9 OECD J. ON BUDGETING 1 (2009). Anon., A Change in the Climate: Make us greener, oh lord. But not yet, ECONOMIST, 29 April 2010. Anon., Let it Be: The Democrats abandon their efforts to limit emissions through legislation, ECONOMIST, 29 July 2010. Anon., UK unemployment total hits 17-year high, BBC NEWS, 16 March 2011, bbc.co.uk/news/business-12757675. Anon., US unemployment to remain high for years, says Bernanke, BBC NEWS, 9 February 2011, bbc.co.uk/news/business-12408533. Anon., What Went Wrong with Economics, ECONOMIST, 18 July 2009. Anson, Mark, What do we do Now?, 36 PENSIONS INVESTMENTS 12 (2008). Arnell, N.W., Climate change and global water resources: SRES emissions and socio-economic scenarios, 14 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE 31 (2004). Arrow, Kenneth et al., Economic Growth, Carrying Capacity, and the Environment, 15 ECOLOGICAL ECON. 91 (1995). ASCHER, MARK L., SCOTT AND ASCHER ON TRUSTS (2007, 5th ed). AUERBACH, ALAN J., LAURENCE J. KOTLIKOFF, WILLI LEIBFRITZ, GENERATIONAL ACCOUNTING AROUND THE WORLD (1999). Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Interview between Bronwyn Herbert and Mike Taylor (Chairman of the Murray Darling Basin Authority) on 26 October 2010, AM. Australian Government Solicitor, The Role of Social and Economic Factors in the Basin Plan, 25 October 2010. Bach, Tracy Justin Brown, Recent Developments in Australian Climate Change Litigation: Forward momentum from down under, 8 Sustainable Dev. L. Pol’y 39 (2008). Barnes, Peter, et al., Creating an Earth Atmospheric Trust, 319 SCIENCE 724 (2008). Bartkus, B., Mission Statements: Are they smoke and mirrors?, 43 BUS. HORIZONS 23 (2000). Basiago, A.D., Methods of Defining Sustainability, 3 SUSTAINABLE DEV. 109 (1995). Bauer, Rob et al., Socially Responsible Investing: The Eco-Efficiency Premium Puzzle, 61 FIN. ANALYSTS J. 51 (2005). BELL, STUART DONALD MCGILLIVRAY, ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 58 (7th ed. 2008). Bendremer, Fredric J., Modern Portfolio Theory and International Investments under the Uniform Prudent Investor Act 35 REAL PROP. PROB. TR. J. 791 (2001). Bettles, C., MDBA will keep legal advice hidden, FARM WEEKLY, 16 December 2010. BIRNIE, PATRICIA, ALAN BOYLE CATHERINE REDGWELL, INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW (3rd ed. 2009). Boer, Ben, The Rise if Environmental Law in the Asian Region, 32 U. RICH. L. REV. 1503 (1999). Borkus, Randall H., A Trust Fiduciary’s Duty to Implement Capital Preservation Strategies Using Financial Derivative Techniques, 36 REAL PROP., PROBATE TRUST J. 127 (2001). Broder, John M., S.E.C. Adds Climate Risk to Disclosure List, N.Y. TIMES, 27 January 2010. Brown, B.J., Global Sustainability: Toward Definition, 11 ENVT. MGM’T 713 (1987). Brown Weiss, Edith, Climate Change, Intergenerational Equity and International Law 9 Vt. J. Envtl. L. 615, 617 (2008). Brown Weiss, Edith, FAIRNESS TO FUTURE GENERATIONS: INTERNATIONAL LAW, COMMON PATRIMONY, INTERGENERATIONAL EQUITY (1989). BROWN WEISS, EDITH, IN FAIRNESS TO FUTURE GENERATIONS (1989). Brown Weiss, Edith, Reply to Barresi’s Beyond Fairness to Future Generations, 11 TUL. ENVTL. L.J. 89 (1997). Brown Weiss, Edith, The Planetary Trust: Conservation intergenerational equity, 11 ECOLOGY L. Q. 495 (1984). Burke, The Hon. Tony, MP, Ministerial Statement: Murray Darling Basin Reform Interpretation of the Water Act 2007, 25 October 2010. Burke, The Hon. Tony, MP, New Murray Darling Basin Authority Chair, 28 January 2011, tonyburke.com.au/getattachment/media-centre-(1)/transcripts/mdba-chair.pdf/. Burr, Barry B., High-Yield Timing Poor, but Funds Stick with It, 37 PENSIONS INVESTMENTS 40 (2009). Byrne, Alistair et al., Default Funds in UK Defined-Contribution Pension Plans, 63 FIN. ANALYSTS J. 40 (2007). Caerlewy-Smith, Emiko, Gordon L. Clark John C. Marshall, Commentary, Agitation, Resistance, and Reconciliation with Respect to Socially Responsible Investment: the attitudes of UK pension fund trustees and Oxford undergraduates 38 ENV. PLAN. A 1585 (2006). CALLENDAR, CRAIG RALPH EDNEY, INTRODUCING TIME (2001). Caney, Simon, Climate Change and the Future: Discounting for time, wealth and risk, 40 J. SOC. PHIL. 163 (2009). Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy, Press Release: ‘Statement from Nicholas Stern on Criticism of the IPCC’, 31 January 2010. Chandani, Achala, Distributive Justice and Sustainability as a Viable Foundation for the Future Climate Regime, 2 Carbon Climate L. Rev. 152 (2007). Clark, Gordon L. Ashby H.B. Monk, The Crisis in Defined benefit Corporate Pension Liabilities. Part 1: Scope of the problem 12(1) PENSIONS: AN INT’L J. 43 (2007). Clark, Gordon L. Ashby H.B. Monk, The Crisis in Defined benefit Corporate Pension Liabilities. Part 2: Current solutions and future prospects 12(2) PENSIONS: AN INT’L J. 68 (2007). Clark, Gordon L. Ashby Monk, Resource wealth and the ethics of global investment: the legitimacy and governance of Norway’s sovereign wealth fund, Working Paper, University of Oxford (2009). Clark, Gordon L. Ashby Monk, Vermont Pension Investment Committee: Effectiveness and Governance Assessment A Consultancy Project for the Office of the State Treasurer (2008). CLARK, GORDON L. DARIUSZ WOJCIK, THE GEOGRAPHY OF FINANCE: CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN THE GLOBAL MARKETPLACE (2007). Clark, Gordon L. Eric R. W. Knight, Temptation and the Virtues of Long-term Commitment: The Governance of sovereign wealth fund investment 1 Asian J. Int. Law 321 (2011). Clark, Gordon L. Roger Urwin, Best-Practice Pension Fund Governance, 9 J. ASSET MGM’T 2 (2008). Clark, Gordon L. Roger Urwin, Innovative Models of Pension Fund Governance in the Context of the Global Financial Crisis, 15 Pensions 62 (2010). Clark, Gordon L. Roger Urwin, Making Pension Boards Work: the critical role of leadership, 1 ROTMAN INT. J. OF PENSION MGM’T 38 (2008). Clark, Gordon L. et al., The Consistency of UK Pension Fund Trustee Decision-Making, 6 J. PENSION ECON. FIN. 67 (2007). Clark, Gordon L., Emiko Caerlewy-Smith John C. Marshall, Pension Fund Trustee Competence: Decision-making in problems relevant to investment practice, 5 J. PENSION ECON. FIN. 91 (2006). Clark, Gordon L., Expertise and Representation in Financial Institutions: UK legislation on pension fund governance and US regulation of the mutual fund industry, 2 TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY SOCIETY 1 (2007). 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Waitzer, Ed, Defeating Short-Termism: Why Pension Funds must Lead, 2 ROTMAN INT’L J. PENSION MGM’T 4 (2009). Walker, Sue Sheridan, Free consent and marriage of feudal wards in medieval England, 8 J. MEDIEVAL HISTORY 123 (1982). Walsh, Mary Williams, Public Pension Funds are Adding Risk to Raise Returns, N.Y. TIMES, 9 March 2010, Business Day. Watchler, Sol, Judicial Lawmaking 65 N. Y. U. L. REV. 1 (1990). Waters, Donovan, The Trust: Continual Evolution of a Centuries-Old Idea 14 J. INT’L. Trust and Corp. Plan. 257 (2007). WATSON WYATT, MACRO FACTORS: THE UPDATE (2005). Weinrib, Ernest J., The Fiduciary Obligation 25 U. TORONTO L.J. 1 (1975). Weiss, Edith Brown, In Fairness to Future Generations and Sustainable Development 8 AM. U. J. INT’L L. POL’Y 23 (1992). Wheelan, Hugh, Integrating ESG into Mainstream Portfolios, RESPONSIBLE INVESTOR 1, 1 (2008). Williams, George, When Water Pours into Legal Minefields, SYDNEY MORNING HERALD, 26 October 2010. Williams, L.S., The Mission Statement, 45 JOURNAL OF BUSINESS COMMUNICATION 94 (2009). Wilson, Lauren, Minister Distances Himself from Murray-Darling Basin Report, THE AUSTRALIAN, 23 October 2010. Wirth, David, The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development: Two steps forward and one back, or vice versa? 19 GA. L. R. 599 (1995). Woll, Lisa, Cheryl Smith, Social Investment Forum, Letter to Bradford P Campbell, Assistant Secretary, Employee Benefit Security Administration, US Department of Labor, 19 December 2008, socialinvest.org/news/releases/pressrelease.cfm?id=129. Wood, Mary Christina, â€Å"You Can’t Negotiate with a Beetle†: Environmental law for a new ecological age, 50 NATURAL RES. J. 167 (2010). Woods, Claire Roger Urwin, Putting Sustainable Investing into Practice: A Governance Framework for Pension Funds, 92 J. BUS. ETHICS 1 (2010). WORLD COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENT DEVELOPMENT, OUR COMMON FUTURE (1987). WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM, WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM ANNUAL MEETING: THE POWER OF COLLABORATIVE INNOVATION 2008 (2008). CASE LAW: AUSTRALIA Anderson v Director-General of the Department of Environment and Conservation (2006) 144 LGERA 43. Bentley v BGP Properties Pty Ltd [2006] NSWLEC 34. BT Goldsmith Planning Services Pty Ltd v Blacktown City Council [2005] NSWLEC 210. Gray v Minister for Planning [2006] NSWLEC 720. Hospital Products Ltd v United States Surgical Corporation (1984) 156 CLR 41. Minister for Aboriginal Affairs v Peko-Wallsend Ltd (1986) 162 CLR 24. Anvil Hill Project Watch Association Inc v Minister for the Environment Water Resources (2007) 243 ALR 784. Taralga Landscape Guardians Inc v Minister for Planning [2007] NSWLEC 59. Walker v Minister for Planning [2007] NSWLEC 741. CASE LAW: UNITED KINGDOM Barlett v Barclays Bank Trust Co Ltd [1980] Ch 515. Bartlett v Barclays Bank Trust Co Ltd [1980] Ch 515. Bristol West Building Society v Mothew [1998] Ch 1. Cowan v Scargill [1985] 1 Ch 270. Duke of Portland v Lady Topham (1864) 11 HL Cas 32. Harries v Church Commissioners for England [1992] 1 WLR 1241. Imperial Group Pension Trust Ltd v Imperial Tobacco Ltd [1991] 1 WLR 589. Keech v Sandford (1726) 25 ER 223. Learoyd v Whitely (1887) 12 AC 727. Martin v City of Edinburgh District Council [1988] SLT 329. Pickwell v Camden London Borough Council [1983] QB 962. Re Northcliffe [1925] Ch 651. Re Whiteley, Whiteley v Learoyd (1886) 33 ChD 347. Roberts v Hopwood [1925] AC 578. Speight v Gaunt (1883) 9 App Cas 1. CASE LAW: UNITED STATES Bd. of Tr. Employee Ret. Sys. City of Baltimore v City of Baltimore 317 Md. 72 (1989). Blankenship v Boyle, 329 F. Supp. 1089 (D.D.C. 1971). Board of Trustees v Mayor of Baltimore City 317 Md. 72, 562 A.2d 720 (1989). Burnet v Coronado Oil Gas Co., 285 U.S. 393, 52 S. Ct. 443, 76 L. Ed. 815 [1932]. Harvard College v Amory 26 Mass. (9 Pick.) (1830). King v Talbot 40 N.Y. 76 (1869). Meinhard v Salmon 164 N.E. 545 (N.Y. 1928) (US). Univ. of Oregon v Oregon Inv. Council 82 Or. App. 145 (1987), 728 P.2d 30. Withers v Teachers’ Ret. Sys. of City of N.Y., 447 F. Supp. 1248 (S.D.N.Y. 1978). CASE LAW: INTERNATIONAL OTHER Case concerning the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia) 37 ILM (1998) 162 (ICJ). Jagannath v Union of India (1999) 2 S.C.C. 87 (India). Oposa v Factoran, 224 SCRA 792 (1993) (Philippines). Request for an Examination of the Situation in Accordance with Paragraph 63 of the Court’s Judgment of 20 December 1974 in the Nuclear Tests Case (N.Z. v Fr.) (1995) I.C.J. 288 (Sept. 22). W.P. no. 278 (1996) (Bangladesh). W.P. no. 300 (1995) (Bangladesh). LEGISLATION: AUSTRALIA CONSTITUTION OF AUSTRALIA. Environment Protection Act (1970) (VIC). Environmental Protection Act (1986) (Cth). Future Fund Act (2006) (Cth). Intergovernmental Agreement on the Environment (1992) (Cth). Land and Environment Court Act (1979) (NSW). Land and Environment Court Act (1979) (NSW). National Environment Protection Council Act (1994) (NT). National Environment Protection Council Act (1994) (QLD). National Environment Protection Council Act (1995) (SA). National Environmental Protection Council Act (1994) (Cth). Planning and Development Act (2007) (ACT). Protection of the Environment Administration Act (1991) (NSW). Water Act (2007) (Cth). LEGISLATION: UNITED KINGDOM Bubble Act (1719) (England). Combined Code on Corporate Governance (2003) (UK). Companies Act (2006) (UK). Judicature Acts (1873) (UK). Law of Property (Amendment Act) (1859) (England). Metropolis Management Act (1855) (UK). Occupational Pension Schemes (Investment) Regulations (2005) (UK). Pensions Act (1995) (UK). Trust Investment Act (1889) (England). Trustee Act (1925) (England Wales). Trustee Act (2000) (England Wales). Trustee Investment Act (1961) (England Wales). LEGISLATION: UNITED STATES Employee Retirement Income Security Act, 29 USC (1974) (US). RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF TRUSTS (1992) (US). Uniform Prudent Investor Act (US). INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS Convention on Climate Change, 31 ILM 818 (1992). Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, 31 ILM 874 (1992) Previous Page   Ã‚  Legal and Institutional Reflections