6 Tips to Liven Up Your Lectures

Many graduate students find themselves at the head of the classroom, first as teaching assistants and later as instructors. However, graduate study often doesn’t teach students how to teach, and not all grad student instructors first serve as TAs. Instead, most graduate students find themselves instructing a college class with little to no teaching experience. When faced with the challenge of teaching despite little experience, most grad students turn to the techniques they have experienced as students. The lecture method is a common teaching tool. A poor lecture is painful for both students and the instructor. Lecturing is a traditional method of instruction, perhaps the oldest form of instruction. It has its detractors who argue that it is a passive means of education. However, the lecture is not always passive. A good lecture is not simply a list of facts or a reading of the textbook. An effective lecture is the result of planning and making a series of choices — and it need not be boring. 1.  Dont Cover It All Exert restraint in planning each class session. You will not be able to cover all of the material in the text and assigned readings. Accept that. Base your lecture on the most important material in the reading assignment, a topic from the reading that students are likely to find difficult, or material that doesnt appear in the text. Explain to students that you wont repeat much of the material in the assigned readings, and their job is to read carefully and critically, identifying and bringing questions about the readings to class. 2.  Make Choices Your lecture should present no more than three or four major issues, with time for examples and questions. Anything more than a few points and your students will be overwhelmed. Determine the critical message of your lecture and then remove the adornments. Present the bare bones in a succinct story. Students will absorb the salient points easily if they are few in number, clear, and coupled with examples. 3.  Present in Small Chunks Break up your lectures so that they are presented in 20-minute chunks. Whats wrong with a 1- or 2-hour lecture? Research shows that students remember the first and the last ten minutes of lectures, but little of the intervening time. Undergraduate students have a limited attention span — so take advantage of it to structure your class. Switch gears after each 20-minute mini-lecture and do something different. For example, pose a discussion question, a short in-class writing assignment, a small group discussion, or problem-solving activity. 4.  Encourage Active Processing Learning is a constructive process. Students must think about the material, make connections, relate new knowledge to what is already known, and apply knowledge to new situations. Only by working with information do we learn it. Effective instructors use active learning techniques in the classroom. Active learning is a student-centered instruction that forces students to manipulate the material to solve problems, answer questions, examine cases, discuss, explain, debate, brainstorm, and formulate questions of their own. Students tend to prefer active learning techniques because they are engaging and fun. 5.  Pose Reflective Questions The simplest way of using active learning techniques in the classroom is to ask reflective questions. These are not yes or no questions, but those that require students to think. For example, â€Å"What would you do in this particular situation? How would you approach solving this problem?† Reflective questions are difficult and will require time to think, so be prepared to wait for an answer. Endure the silence. 6.  Get Them Writing Rather than simply pose a discussion question, ask students to write about the question first for three to five minutes, then solicit their responses. The benefit of asking students to consider the question in writing is that they will have time to think through their response and feel more comfortable discussing their views without fear of forgetting their point. Asking students to work with the course content and determine how it fits with their experiences enables them to learn in their own way, making the material personally meaningful, which is at the heart of active learning. In addition to the educational  benefits, breaking up a lecture and interspersing it with discussion and active learning takes the pressure off of you as the instructor. An hour and 15 minutes, or even 50 minutes, is a long time to talk. Its also a long time to listen.  Try these techniques and vary your strategies to make it easier on everyone and increase your likelihood of success in the classroom.

The Battle Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh - 931 Words

Tablet IV tells the story of Gilgamesh and Enkidu partaking in their adventure to the edge of the Cedar Forest, and their encounter with a guard, an enemy. Throughout this battle, Gilgamesh loses faith in the couples ability to defeat the guard but is ultimately talked back into his heroic mindset by The Gods. In column VI, having just defeated the guard, Enkidu then finds himself in a similar situation to Gilgamesh, whereby he doubts their ability to defeat Humbaba, and it comes down to Gilgamesh, and his leadership to reiterate the ongoing theme of companionship in order to convince Enkidu to continue fighting in order to finish the battle. The theme of the inevitability of death is also shown throughout this column, with Enkidu’s injury being a clear indication of what is undoubtedly going to happen later in the poem. Column VI of the Epic of Gilgamesh begins with Enkidu seeking reassurance and support from Gilgamesh in the lack of a God’s presence. This reiterate s the theme of companionship that is coherent throughout the poem and conforms to the epic hero cycle of being accompanied by a companion. Enkidu is injured and informs Gilgamesh â€Å"I lost my strength in this crushed hand when the gate slammed shut.† (Tablet IV. 38). In saying that he has lost strength, Enkidu is not only informing Gilgamesh that he is physically harmed from the previous battle, but is also bringing up one of the reoccurring themes of the poem: the inevitability of death. His loss of strengthShow MoreRelatedGilgamesh : The Epic Of Gilgamesh909 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"The Epic of Gilgamesh† is a didactic story set out to expose the inevitability of death. The true meaning of this story is sometimes overlooked because the story is told in heighten language not easily understood. The epic hero in this story is Gilgamesh; he undertakes a quest for knowledge which is overshadowed by his ignorance. The tragic death of Enkidu, Gilgamesh’s trust ed companion forces the epic hero to change his perception of death. To overcome great obstacles one must be willing to putRead MoreBeowulf And The Epic Of Gilgamesh1667 Words   |  7 Pagesthe most widely known epic poems of their time were Beowulf and The Epic of Gilgamesh. Both Beowulf and Gilgamesh embody traits known exclusively of a hero. The poem of Beowulf and The Epic Gilgamesh both showcase the characteristics required of being an epic, in that they include a hero on a quest performing valorous deeds in an elevated style, while being protected by supernatural forces. The epic poem, Beowulf was based in the country of Denmark, while The Epic of Gilgamesh was based in a regionRead MoreThe Epic of Gilgamesh Essay1522 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many vices and virtues displayed in the Epic of Gilgamesh. The Epic of Gilgamesh is a tale from ancient Babylon. Its hero, Gilgamesh the king of Uruk, is two-thirds god and one-third man. Throughout the epic, which consists of three stories, the character of Gilgamesh is developed. This is accomplished by changing the vices he possesses at the start of the epic, and replacing them with virtues he receives by its completion. â€Å"A virtue is a quality of righteousness, goodness, or moralRead MoreGilgamesh, the Illiad, the Aeneid1661 Words   |  7 PagesAnglo-Saxon era in history, long narrative poems, known as epics become all the rage. These poems were written in elevated styles that presented the adventures of a hero with superhuman qualities who embodied the national ideals. These ideals and adventures were presented through elements such as dreams, courage allowing the hero to overcome great trials, and a major battle scene. These elements, known as epic conventions, created epics that to this day continue to be read and taught thr oughoutRead MoreThe Modern Epic of Batman Essay731 Words   |  3 Pages An epic is a long narrative poem that tells the exploits of an epic hero. Epics are comprised of an epic hero and an epic battle between good and evil. The earliest known epic today is The Epic of Gilgamesh. This tale is about Gilgamesh’s search for eternal life. Although epics have been around for thousands of years, the epic tradition still has an enormous impact on modern writing and film. In fact, Batman, a story about Bruce Wayne trying to conquer all criminals in Gotham, can be seen as modernRead MoreGilgamesh And The Epic Of Gilgamesh988 Words   |  4 PagesThe maturation of Gilgamesh and his desire to acquire wisdom throughout his journey is quite apparent. By overcoming difficulties such as upholding Uruk, becoming friends with Enkidu, and various other scenarios, Gilgamesh proves that he did in fact grow up throughout the epic. As the epic starts, Gilgamesh is portrayed as a self-centered, self-admiring leader who believes that he is the only individual that can lead the city of Uruk. Gilgamesh believes that he is a god-like figure and often refersRead More Immortal Life vs. Immortal Name: Gilgamesh and Beowulf Essay1433 Words   |  6 PagesImmortal Life vs. Immortal Name: Gilgamesh and Beowulf Death. Fate. Immortality. Destiny. All are subjects that we tend to avoid. While most of us hope for life after death, we tend not to dwell on this subject because we are uncomfortable with the unknown. On those rare occasions when we allow ourselves to think about the fact that our days are numbered, we wonder if death can be cheated and immortality gained. Some have suggested that being remembered is just as enduring as living forever. ThoughtsRead MoreThe Hero s Journey From The Epic Of Gilgamesh942 Words   |  4 Pages Gilgamesh was a powerful king of Uruk an ancient city in Sumer now known as Iraq. Created by the gods, Gilgamesh was 2/3 god and 1/3 man he thought of himself as undefeatable, and carried himself immorally, taking advantage of his people. Being tired of this the people of Uruk began sobbing, and the goddess Aruru heard their cries and created Gilgamesh s equal Enkidu. Together they would go on to venture into battles, one of which leads to the death of Enkidu th at brings Gilgamesh to his veryRead MoreEssay on Infamy vs. Immortality: Beowulf and Gilgamesh611 Words   |  3 Pages catastrophe, might, and courage are all aspects of the epic legends of Beowulf and Gilgamesh. Though they subsisted in two utterly different historical eras, these epic heroes have numerous similarities and differences. For example, while they were booth deemed epic heroes, their mortalities were not equal. Beowulf had superhuman qualities such as having the strength of thirty men, but was born a mortal man. On the contrary, Gilgamesh was a demigod as he was born two-thirds god and one-thirdRead MoreCompare Contrast Gilgamesh and Beowulf1426 Words   |  6 PagesComparison and Contrast Essay Final Draft: Gilgamesh vs. Beowulf The epics of Beowulf and Gilgamesh are about a pair of heroes who had many common characteristics as well as characteristics that contradict one another. Beowulf is a Christian epic that roots from the Anglo Saxon culture. Throughout the plot, there are numerous biblical allusions. â€Å"Grendel who haunted the moors, the wild Marshes, and made his home in a hell not hell but earth. He was spawned in that slime, conceived by a pair of

An Intro To Psychology Architecture Essay Free Essays

The term Hypnosis comes from the Grecian ‘ypnos ‘ which means sleep because of the Trance State. However Hypnosis is non sleep because the topic stays qui vive, can speak and travel, and the encephalon moving ridges differ ( What is Hypnosis, n.d. We will write a custom essay sample on An Intro To Psychology Architecture Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now ) . In modern yearss Hypnosis has been used for a figure of grounds. Some people try to halt smoke, loose weight, drug dependence and alcohol addiction Bi Polar upset, ADHD, and schizophrenic disorder, and stress management.A As you can see Hypnosis can and is being used in all sorts of signifiers. For several decennaries, or even centuries, hypnosis was more seen as a circus or charming act. Because of this it has taken for a while to convert the populace that it besides has its practical utilizations. As to the history of hypnosis, the usage of it can be dated back all the manner to the early ages of civilisation. In ancient times, worlds used it for mending intents, particularly in spiritual ceremonials. For illustration, an Indian priest-doctors entered into a procedure of strong visual image and suggestion during which he willed to mend the ill individual. The first modern type of hypnosis started with carnal hypnosis. In 1600-s husbandmans calmed poulets hypnotically by utilizing different methods. In 1800-s people hypnotized birds, coneies, toads and other animate beings. B. Danilewsky experimented with carnal hypnosis and studied its physiological workings in animate beings ( Hypnosis Black Secrets, n.d. ) . The first individual to look into this portion of psychological science was Franz Anton Mesmer ( 1734-1815 ) , an Austrian doctor, who is widely acknowledged as the ‘Father of Hypnosis ‘ . Franz believed that there was a quasi-magnetic fluid in the really air that we breathe and that the organic structure ‘s ‘ nervousnesss someway absorbed this fluid. He cured most of his patients by using magnets to different parts of the organic structure to alter the magnetic flows of the organic structure ( Mark, R. 2002 ) . He was the sire of all major scientists who studied Hypnosis after him, for illustration Marquis de Puysegur and Dr. John Elliotson. Now that we know a small spot about how Hypnosis started, allow ‘s happen out what hypnosis is? Harmonizing to the Encyclopedia Britannica: â€Å" Hypnosis is a particular psychological province with certain physiological properties, resembling slumber merely superficially and marked by a operation of the person at a degree of consciousness other than the ordinary witting province. This province is characterized by a grade of increased receptivity and reactivity in which interior experiential perceptual experiences are given as much significance as is by and large given merely to external world ( Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. ) . This brings us to the following inquiry, what is hypnosis used for? A better inquiry would really be what ca n’t Hypnosis be used for? A Hypnosis, today, is being used for multiple jobs. Some of the more common 1s would be people who try to halt smoke, others who would wish to lose weight and have tried everything else and it did n’t work. Some us hypnosis to cover with emphasis related jobs. These would be the more normally know countries hypnosis is used for. Other less known countries hypnosis can be used for would be in assisting epilepsy patients and patients with palsy, Multiple induration, AIDS and malignant neoplastic disease. Hypnosis can in some of these instances help to better the quality of life and in some instances assist in easing a remedy. The most of import portion of this side of Hypnosis is to retrieve that merely people with a grade in medical specialty should pattern hypnosis for these sorts of jobs. An exclusion might be that doctors will give you a referral to a hypnotizer, who is really good reversed it what you need him to make. Hypnosis has besides been known Os have been applied for child birth conditioning and of class the benefits are enhanced if they are used in combination with La Maze take a breathing techniques. There are besides experts who utilize hypnosis for drug dependence and alcohol addiction, these experts are familiar with the 12 stairss of AA and Al-anon and hold pattern in the 12 measure plans and cognize how to utilize hypnosis to assist their clients. Other experts employ hypnosis to assist adult females with the symptoms of PMS ( premenstrual emphasis ) and other hormone related wellness upsets. Hypnosis besides has been found to assist people with ADHD and schizophrenic disorder and bi-polar ( Watkins, 2008 ) . Another particular signifier of hypnosis-called wakened hypnosis — is most effectual for covering with anxiousness panic onslaught. Hypnosis – Hypnosis is sometimes used in combination with cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiousness. While you ‘re in a province of deep relaxation, the hypnotherapist uses different curative techniques to assist you confront your frights and expression at them in new ways ( Anxiety Attacks and Disorders, n.d. ) . Last but non least, and likely one of the most known utilizations for hypnosis, is to utilize it for diging into repressed kid goon memories. Clinical hypnosis can be used to get the better of many of the clients mental and wellness jobs by theoretically turn uping the beginning of the job in their childhood. This pattern of hypnosis has come under fire recently, some statements made by people that underwent hypnosis to bring out pent-up kid goon memories were really used for cases against parents, siblings and other household members. After long probes most of these instances nil more than person ‘s purportedly long-repressed memories that all of a sudden surfaced under therapy. After reexamining 60 old ages of research and happening no controlled research lab support for the construct of repression, a good known research worker D.S. Holmes suggested, merely half jestingly, that any usage of the construct be preceded by a warning: â€Å" Warning. The construct of repression h as non been validated with experimental research and its usage may be risky to the accurate reading of clinical behaviour † ( Holmes, 1990 ) Ricker, n.d. ) . Defense judicial proceeding in such instances of hypnosis has raised improperness and incompetence on the portion of the healer or practician utilizing hypnosis and/or implicative techniques to retrieve â€Å" repressed † memories which false lead the client to believe that their current symptoms are due to being sexual abused as a kid ( Hansen, 1996 ) . There have been besides studies of tooth doctor utilizing hypnosis during dental surgery to wipe out the hurting. Another usage of hypnosis is called Self-hypnosis, this happens when you hypnotize yourself. This is frequently more practical as a emphasis direction tool than normal hypnosis, as you do non necessitate to hold a hypnotist nowadays. Self hypnosis works reasonably much the same manner as speculation, it helps you loosen up and deflect your head from unpleasant ideas. Together with speculation and imagination, self hypnosis can be a powerful tool to battle day-to-day emphasis and go a portion of a day-to-day emphasis direction modus operandi ( Self Hypnosis, n.d. ) . In decision, as you can see hypnosis can successfully be used for every conceivable job that can problem worlds. In this essay I touched on merely a few utilizations of Hypnosis, the more common 1s like childhood repressed memories, halt smoke, weight loss and stress direction and some of the lesser known 1s like hurting control and child birth. There are likely many more utilizations for hypnosis to be discovered we have n’t thought of yet. Mentions Anxiety Attacks and Disorders: Signs, symptoms, and intervention. ( n.d. ) .Helpguide.org: Understand, prevent and decide life ‘s challenges. Retrieved April 7, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //helpguide.org/mental/anxiety_types_symptoms_treatment.htm Hansen, J. , A ; R.H.A.. ( 1996 ) . Hypnosis – controversial once more.The Ross Institute Internet Archives for the Study of Destructive Cults, Controversial Groups and Motions. Retrieved April 7, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.rickross.com /reference/ false_memories/fsm25.html History of Hypnosis: from antediluvian times to modern hypnosis. ( n.d. ) .Hypnosis and self hypnosis secrets -learn hypnosis online. Retrieved April 7, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hypnosisblacksecrets.com/learn-hypnosis/history-of-hypnosis-from-ancient-times-to-nowadays Ibadov, O. ( n.d. ) . History of Hypnosis: From priest-doctors to instant hypnosis.Self Improvement from SelfGrowth.com. Retrieved April 7, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.selfgrowth.com /articles/ History_of_Hypnosis_From_Shamans_to_Instant_Hypnosis.html Mark, R. ( 2002 ) Hypnosis ( psychological science ) — Britannica Online Encyclopedia. ( n.d. ) .Encyclopedia – Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 7, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/279820/hypnosis Ricker, J. , A ; Ph.D.. ( n.d. ) . Section 6-16: What are false memories? .Scottsdale Community College. Retrieved April 7, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scottsdalecc.edu/ricker/psy101/readings/Section_6/6-16.html Self-Hypnosis – Relaxation Techniques from Mind Tools. ( n.d. ) .Mind tools – direction preparation, leading preparation and calling raining – right here, right now.. Retrieved April 7, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mindtools.com/stress/RelaxationTechniques/SelfHypnosis.htm The history of hypnosis.Essortment Articles: Free online articles on wellness, scientific discipline, instruction A ; more... Retrieved April 7, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.essortment.com/all/hypnosishistory_rcdg.htm Watkins, C. ( 2008 ) . Hypnotherapy.Northern County Psychiatric Associates Home Page. Retrieved April 7, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncpamd.com/medical_hypnosis.htm What Is Hypnosis – Toronto Naturopathic Clinic. ( n.d. ) .Toronto Naturopathic Clinic – Toronto Naturopath Sushma Shah ND ( Yonge A ; Davisville ). Retrieved April 7, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.naturesintentionsnaturopathy.com/hypnosis.htm How to cite An Intro To Psychology Architecture Essay, Essay examples

Roman Catholicism and Abortion an Example of the Topic History Essays by

Roman Catholicism and Abortion Religion is an important part of the current abortion debate. The rise of an abortion rights mentality can be regarded, on one level, as an instance of the rapid pace of secularization. On another level, it is part of a much older and long-standing problematic. Some authors regard the rise of an abortion rights mentality as a continuation of the individualism of the Protestant Reformation and an extension of the antitraditionalism of the Enlightenment (Falik 17). Need essay sample on "Roman Catholicism and Abortion" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed While there is indeed a sizeable segment of strictly secular feminists, the importance of religion for contemporary feminism is a theme much in evidence not only in the four authors we shall be treating but in others as well (Midgely and Hughes 8-9). While some feminists may indeed show an antipathy toward religion, it is not the case that pro-choice feminism necessarily follows their lead (Tripp 50). To put it in another way: the abortion mentality is at home in atheism; it is out of place in Christianity. This opposition to the practice of human abortion comes about not because the Christian Church is misogynist, as some feminists such as Beverly Harrison will argue, but because the act of abortion does violence to both mother and child, creatures of a loving God in whose image both were made. While there is an undeniable link between the practice of abortion and the attitude of atheism, no such link exists between abortion and feminism. Here again we do well to remember: There are many feminisms. There are only two consistent attitudes to abortion: one is the extreme feminist one; the other is that held by Roman Catholics. The middle way, that abortion is all right sometimes, depending on the circumstances, and justified by situation ethics (i.e., it depends on situation), is morally and logically absurd (Kenny 2). In a recent anthology of feminist theology, Ann Loades declares that all Christianity owes a debt of gratitude to the Roman Catholic Church because of the way the Church puts the issues "out front." The Catholic Church's teaching on the immorality of procured abortion stands in direct opposition to much of contemporary feminist ideology which maintains, in the words of Stella Browne, that "abortion must be the key to a new world for women." During the tumultuous period of the 1960s when abortion as an absolute right was first proposed by some radical feminists, the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church on the immorality of directly procured abortion is clearly reiterated by the Second Vatican Council: "From the moment of its conception life must be guarded with the greatest care, while abortion and infanticide are unspeakable crimes." Thus, we ought not to find it surprising that the Church's teaching on abortion is not far from the minds of feminist theorists. Indeed, the Church's teaching is regarded as the major moral obstacle to the feminist desire for a right to an abortion. Each of the four feminist thinkers will in her own way attempt to grapple with Roman Catholic moral teaching as she seeks to overcome the chief barrier to "a new world for women" (Luker 45). Thus, abortion in the terms of Catholicism is not merely any sin; it is the mortal sin of murder, which removes all grace from the one who commits it and results (if not repented of prior to death) in an eternity in Hell. A secondary offense to the Catholic faith of the act of abortion is in its perceived role in undermining the family. For Catholic believers, the Church is the "family of God," consisting in the spiritual realm of God the Father, Jesus the Son and brother of believers, the Blessed Virgin Mother Mary, and a holy family of saints throughout time that intercede continually for those still on earth. For the faithful Catholic, this extended family in the spiritual realm is an ideal toward which flesh-and-blood families in the material realm should be striving at all times. The national legalization of abortion as a right occurred at a sensitive moment in Catholic history. While traditionalists maintained their unwavering respect for Marian doctrine, the teachings on birth control and abortion, and other factors reinforcing the abolitionist position, other long-standing traditions were falling by the wayside. Younger Catholics were beginning to find many of the old ways an uncomfortable fit in the modern world, and the modern world was beginning to intrude into Catholicism. Encouraged by the liberalizing reforms of Vatican II, young Catholics and those less connected to the traditions and conservatism of the Church found a variety of ways to explore the world beyond. Pope John XXIII's endorsement of ecumenism gave young Catholics an excuse to breach the walls of the Church and form friendships with non-Catholic Christians. Where before a young Catholic girl might be unlikely to associate (and, especially, date) outside the faith, ecumenism and the new "openness to the totality of Christian and human history" made it acceptable to explore other possibilities ( Bokenkotter, 1977: 366). As Marty observes: The Council [Vatican II] helped shatter the old image of Catholic unity. Gone was the Latin Mass, one old bond; gone also were many rules that commanded uniform participation. Now Catholics were free to eat meat on Friday; they were not necessarily expected to use the rosary as before for prayer, or to make pilgrimages or attend specified devotions. Priests and nuns often changed from religious garb to street clothes. For an American to be told that someone was a Roman Catholic did little to certify his or her membership in a group; there were fewer distinguishing badges than before (Marty 465). The evidence indicates that the changes in the Church caused some simply to leave. Vatican Il was immediately followed by a precipitous drop in seminary enrollments and in the number of practicing Catholic clergy and "a substantial decline in the proportion of Catholics attending mass during any given week" (Finke and Stark 261). As Bokenkotter says, "Having been taught to think of the Mass as a mysterious unchangeable set of ceremonies originating with Christ himself, the average Catholic was not intellectually, spiritually, or emotionally prepared for" the changes in procedure encouraged by Vatican Il (Bokenkotter 368). The Church, as Roe came down, was in a crisis of authority, leadership, and respect. The youth were leaving, the clergy were in rebellion, and few things seemed secure in the Catholic world. The aftermath of Vatican II "amounted to a major revolution or, as some have called it, a Copernican shift in consciousness. Thanks to the Second Vatican Council, Catholics have been forced to re-examine many of their most cherished practices and traditions. Such a process was bound to be disruptive, but the sheer magnitude of the crisis it provoked astonished everyone" (Bokenkotter 386). In the midst of this upheaval, traditional Catholics found comfort in the solidity of their Church's positions on contraception and abortion. Although many of the ritualistic expressions of Catholicism were relaxed in Vatican II and believers no longer felt pressured to participate in such traditions, the abortion abolition enterprise encouraged symbolic behavior. Prayer cards, novenas, Marian devotions, candle lighting, and the like were familiar and comfortable to Catholic abolitionists, and the enterprise offered an environment in which the most traditional Catholic behaviors were welcomed and nurtured. In the post--Vatican II world, the abortion abolition enterprise offered believers an arena in which they could practice their traditional devotions in a spiritually fulfilling effort with papal support against a hostile outside culture. Remaining strongly pro-life in the post--Vatican II atmosphere allowed believers at least one more of Marty's "distinguishing badges" of Catholici sm. While the Catholic Church was struggling to retain its membership and standing unapologetically behind its centuries-old tradition of opposing abortion, conservative Protestants, evangelicals, and Pentecostals were reveling in new membership and, to put it in pop theological terms, "majoring on the spiritual." While these citizens did vote, they did not tend to involve themselves in other aspects of politics, as it was a worldly concern. Instead, conservative evangelicals, Pentecostals, and charismatics continued to build their parallel culture, all but ignoring the nation around them. For the Catholic Church, a culturewide acceptance of abortion also represented a direct threat to her existence, in its potential both to destroy unborn life and to lure young Catholics into immoral behavior. The Vatican's positions on birth control and nonmarital sex make her especially vulnerable to what pro-choice activists would call a "need" for the availability of abortion. The association of abortion with what the Church calls artificial birth control and what the pro-choice movement calls family planning adds to its offensiveness to faithful Catholics. The position of the Church, consistently held through her history, is that "deliberately and directly interfering with the marital act in order to prevent conception or birth is a gravely evil action" (Stravinskas 139). In 1967, after a three-year period of study, the Pope rejected the recommendations of his commission on contraception and strengthened the Church's position against birth control. In addition, the Church finds abortion anathema in that it is often a murder compounding another sin. Whether it is the failed use of contraception or the uncontrolled use of nonmarital sex, for the Vatican there is no excuse to use abortion (an act of murder) to correct or to hide the circumstances of the pregnancy (though these circumstances are also mortal sins). The social acceptance of abortion as an escape mechanism, according to the Vatican, increases the incidence of immoral sexual behavior. As long as one can abort an unwanted fetus, there is no real need to exercise the self-control taught by the Bible and the Church in matters of personal sexual morality. The Pope states: "the negative values inherent in the 'contraceptive mentality'--which is very different from responsible parenthood, lived in respect for the full truth of the conjugal act--are such that they in fact strengthen this temptation when an unwanted life is conceived" (John Paul 11 23). These positions, however, effectively require that the Church minimize the availability of abortion if at all possible. Unless the Church is convincing in her case that abortion is murder, a Catholic woman may well see it as a way of preventing anyone from finding out that she has committed the sin of premarital sex or adultery. And, even in the case of married people, in reality, as Noonan recognized as early as 1965, many American Catholics practice birth control regardless of the teaching. Contraception badly practiced often leads to pregnancy, and once one has committed one serious sin, there would seem to be little left to argue against another that has the potential to "fix" the first. In order to prevent Catholics from having abortions, the Church must either convince her members that abortion is an especially serious sin with mortal consequences, or depend on the surrounding culture to carry the message-ideally, both. When the surrounding culture, by accepting the Roe decisio n without apparent objection, made it clear that it would no longer provide that assistance, the Vatican could not help but harden her position. Works Cited Bokenkotter Thomas. (1977). A Concise History of the Catholic Church. New York: Image Books, Doubleday. Falik, Marilyn. Ideology and Abortion Policy Politics New York: Praeger Scientific Studies, 1983. Finke Roger, and Rodney Stark. (1992). The Churching of America 1776-1990: Winners and Losers in Our Religious Economy. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. John Paul II, (1995). The Gospel of Life (Evangelium Vitae): The Encyclical Letter on Abortion, Euthanasia, and the Death Penalty in Today's World. New York: Times Books, a division of Random House. Kenny, Mary. Abortion: The Whole Story. London and New York: Quartet Books, 1986. Luker, Kristin. Taking Chances: Abortion and the Decision Not to Contracept. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975. Marty Martin E. (1984). Pilgrims in Their Own Land: 500 Years of Religion in America. New York: Penguin. Midgely, Mary and Hughes, Judith. Women's Choices: Philosophical Problems Facing Feminism. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1983. Stravinskas Rev. Peter M. J., ed. (1991). Our Sunday Visitor's Catholic Encyclopedia. Huntington, IN: Our Sunday Visitor. Tripp, Maggie. Woman in the Year 2000. New York: Arbor House, 1974.

Bibliography Essay Example

Bibliography Essay Example Bibliography Paper Bibliography Paper Essay Topic: Kurt Vonnegut Short Stories Slaughterhouse Five Willa Cather Short Stories BOOKS AND JOURNAL ARTICLES AINSLIE, GEORGE, BREAKDOWN OF WILL (2001). Ainslie, George, Prà ©cis of Breakdown of Will, 28 BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN SCI. 635 (2005). AKERLOF, GEORGE A. ROBERT J. SHILLER, ANIMAL SPIRITS: HOW HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY DRIVES THE ECONOMY, AND WHY IT MATTERS FOR GLOBAL CAPITALISM (2009). Alcamo, J. et al., Future long-term changes in global water resources driven by socio-economic and climate changes, 52 HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES 247 (2007). Alon, Gideon, Bill Would Abolish Future Generations Commissioner, Haaretz NewsChapter online, 2 November 2006, (downloaded 6 April 2011, 3:30pm) haaretz.com/print-edition/news/billwould-abolish-future generations-commissioner-1.204035. Ambachtsheer, Keith et al., Trustee Competency, 35 PENSIONS INVESTMENTS 18 (2007). Ambachtsheer, Keith, Dedicated Governance a ‘Win-Win’ Solution, 25 PENSIONS INVESTMENTS 14   (1997). Ambachtsheer, Keith, Why we Need a Pension Revolution, 63 FIN. ANALYSTS J. 21 (2007). Anderson, Barry James Sheppard, Fiscal Futures, Institutional Budget Reforms, and Their Effects: What can be learned?, 9 OECD J. ON BUDGETING 1 (2009). Anon., A Change in the Climate: Make us greener, oh lord. But not yet, ECONOMIST, 29 April 2010. Anon., Let it Be: The Democrats abandon their efforts to limit emissions through legislation, ECONOMIST, 29 July 2010. Anon., UK unemployment total hits 17-year high, BBC NEWS, 16 March 2011, bbc.co.uk/news/business-12757675. Anon., US unemployment to remain high for years, says Bernanke, BBC NEWS, 9 February 2011, bbc.co.uk/news/business-12408533. Anon., What Went Wrong with Economics, ECONOMIST, 18 July 2009. Anson, Mark, What do we do Now?, 36 PENSIONS INVESTMENTS 12 (2008). Arnell, N.W., Climate change and global water resources: SRES emissions and socio-economic scenarios, 14 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE 31 (2004). Arrow, Kenneth et al., Economic Growth, Carrying Capacity, and the Environment, 15 ECOLOGICAL ECON. 91 (1995). ASCHER, MARK L., SCOTT AND ASCHER ON TRUSTS (2007, 5th ed). AUERBACH, ALAN J., LAURENCE J. KOTLIKOFF, WILLI LEIBFRITZ, GENERATIONAL ACCOUNTING AROUND THE WORLD (1999). Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Interview between Bronwyn Herbert and Mike Taylor (Chairman of the Murray Darling Basin Authority) on 26 October 2010, AM. Australian Government Solicitor, The Role of Social and Economic Factors in the Basin Plan, 25 October 2010. Bach, Tracy Justin Brown, Recent Developments in Australian Climate Change Litigation: Forward momentum from down under, 8 Sustainable Dev. L. Pol’y 39 (2008). Barnes, Peter, et al., Creating an Earth Atmospheric Trust, 319 SCIENCE 724 (2008). Bartkus, B., Mission Statements: Are they smoke and mirrors?, 43 BUS. HORIZONS 23 (2000). Basiago, A.D., Methods of Defining Sustainability, 3 SUSTAINABLE DEV. 109 (1995). Bauer, Rob et al., Socially Responsible Investing: The Eco-Efficiency Premium Puzzle, 61 FIN. ANALYSTS J. 51 (2005). BELL, STUART DONALD MCGILLIVRAY, ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 58 (7th ed. 2008). Bendremer, Fredric J., Modern Portfolio Theory and International Investments under the Uniform Prudent Investor Act 35 REAL PROP. PROB. TR. J. 791 (2001). Bettles, C., MDBA will keep legal advice hidden, FARM WEEKLY, 16 December 2010. BIRNIE, PATRICIA, ALAN BOYLE CATHERINE REDGWELL, INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW (3rd ed. 2009). Boer, Ben, The Rise if Environmental Law in the Asian Region, 32 U. RICH. L. REV. 1503 (1999). Borkus, Randall H., A Trust Fiduciary’s Duty to Implement Capital Preservation Strategies Using Financial Derivative Techniques, 36 REAL PROP., PROBATE TRUST J. 127 (2001). Broder, John M., S.E.C. Adds Climate Risk to Disclosure List, N.Y. TIMES, 27 January 2010. Brown, B.J., Global Sustainability: Toward Definition, 11 ENVT. MGM’T 713 (1987). Brown Weiss, Edith, Climate Change, Intergenerational Equity and International Law 9 Vt. J. Envtl. L. 615, 617 (2008). Brown Weiss, Edith, FAIRNESS TO FUTURE GENERATIONS: INTERNATIONAL LAW, COMMON PATRIMONY, INTERGENERATIONAL EQUITY (1989). BROWN WEISS, EDITH, IN FAIRNESS TO FUTURE GENERATIONS (1989). Brown Weiss, Edith, Reply to Barresi’s Beyond Fairness to Future Generations, 11 TUL. ENVTL. L.J. 89 (1997). Brown Weiss, Edith, The Planetary Trust: Conservation intergenerational equity, 11 ECOLOGY L. Q. 495 (1984). Burke, The Hon. Tony, MP, Ministerial Statement: Murray Darling Basin Reform Interpretation of the Water Act 2007, 25 October 2010. Burke, The Hon. Tony, MP, New Murray Darling Basin Authority Chair, 28 January 2011, tonyburke.com.au/getattachment/media-centre-(1)/transcripts/mdba-chair.pdf/. Burr, Barry B., High-Yield Timing Poor, but Funds Stick with It, 37 PENSIONS INVESTMENTS 40 (2009). Byrne, Alistair et al., Default Funds in UK Defined-Contribution Pension Plans, 63 FIN. ANALYSTS J. 40 (2007). Caerlewy-Smith, Emiko, Gordon L. Clark John C. Marshall, Commentary, Agitation, Resistance, and Reconciliation with Respect to Socially Responsible Investment: the attitudes of UK pension fund trustees and Oxford undergraduates 38 ENV. PLAN. A 1585 (2006). CALLENDAR, CRAIG RALPH EDNEY, INTRODUCING TIME (2001). Caney, Simon, Climate Change and the Future: Discounting for time, wealth and risk, 40 J. SOC. PHIL. 163 (2009). Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy, Press Release: ‘Statement from Nicholas Stern on Criticism of the IPCC’, 31 January 2010. Chandani, Achala, Distributive Justice and Sustainability as a Viable Foundation for the Future Climate Regime, 2 Carbon Climate L. Rev. 152 (2007). Clark, Gordon L. Ashby H.B. Monk, The Crisis in Defined benefit Corporate Pension Liabilities. Part 1: Scope of the problem 12(1) PENSIONS: AN INT’L J. 43 (2007). Clark, Gordon L. Ashby H.B. Monk, The Crisis in Defined benefit Corporate Pension Liabilities. Part 2: Current solutions and future prospects 12(2) PENSIONS: AN INT’L J. 68 (2007). Clark, Gordon L. Ashby Monk, Resource wealth and the ethics of global investment: the legitimacy and governance of Norway’s sovereign wealth fund, Working Paper, University of Oxford (2009). Clark, Gordon L. Ashby Monk, Vermont Pension Investment Committee: Effectiveness and Governance Assessment A Consultancy Project for the Office of the State Treasurer (2008). CLARK, GORDON L. DARIUSZ WOJCIK, THE GEOGRAPHY OF FINANCE: CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN THE GLOBAL MARKETPLACE (2007). Clark, Gordon L. Eric R. W. Knight, Temptation and the Virtues of Long-term Commitment: The Governance of sovereign wealth fund investment 1 Asian J. Int. Law 321 (2011). Clark, Gordon L. Roger Urwin, Best-Practice Pension Fund Governance, 9 J. ASSET MGM’T 2 (2008). Clark, Gordon L. Roger Urwin, Innovative Models of Pension Fund Governance in the Context of the Global Financial Crisis, 15 Pensions 62 (2010). Clark, Gordon L. Roger Urwin, Making Pension Boards Work: the critical role of leadership, 1 ROTMAN INT. J. OF PENSION MGM’T 38 (2008). Clark, Gordon L. et al., The Consistency of UK Pension Fund Trustee Decision-Making, 6 J. PENSION ECON. FIN. 67 (2007). Clark, Gordon L., Emiko Caerlewy-Smith John C. Marshall, Pension Fund Trustee Competence: Decision-making in problems relevant to investment practice, 5 J. PENSION ECON. FIN. 91 (2006). Clark, Gordon L., Expertise and Representation in Financial Institutions: UK legislation on pension fund governance and US regulation of the mutual fund industry, 2 TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY SOCIETY 1 (2007). Clark, Gordon L., Governing Finance: Global Imperatives and the Challenge of Reconciling Community Representation with Expertise, 84 ECON. GEOGRAPHY 281 (2008). CLARK, GORDON L., PENSION FUND CAPITALISM (2000). Clary, Isabelle, Fixing a Broken System, 37 PENSIONS INVESTMENTS 11 (2009). CLEMENTS, RICHARD ADEMOLA ABASS, EQUITY AND TRUSTS: TEXTS, CASES, AND MATERIALS (2008). Collins, Lynda, Revisiting the Doctrine of Intergenerational Equity in Global Environmental Governance, 30 DALHOUSIE L.J. 79 (2007). Conference Board, News Release: U.S. Institutional Investors Boost Ownership of U.S. Corporations to New Highs 1 (September 2, 2008). Connelly, S., Mapping Sustainable Development as a Contested Concept, 12 LOCAL ENV’T 259 (2007). CORFIELD, PENELOPE J., TIME AND THE SHAPE OF HISTORY (2007). Cover, Robert M., Origins of Judicial Activism in the Protection of Minorities, 91 YALE L. J. 1287 (1982). Crook, A., Murray-Darling authority losing the spin war with councils’ PR flacks, CRIKEY, 9 November 2010, crikey.com.au/2010/11/09/murray-darling-authority-losing-the-spin-warwith-councils-pr-flacks/. Cropper, Maureen Charles Griffiths, The Interaction of Population Growth and Environmental Quality, 84 AM. ECON. REV. 250 (1994). David, F.R., How Companies Define their Mission, 22 LONG RANGE PLANNING 90 (1989). de Graaf, F.J. C.A. Williams, The Intellectual Foundations of the Global Financial Crisis: Analysis and proposals for reform, 32 U.N.S.W. L. J. 390 (2009). DELANEY, DAVID, RICHARD T. FORD NICHOLAS BLOMLEY, THE LEGAL GEOGRAPHIES READER: LAW, POWER SPACE (2001). Department of Labor (US), Employee Benefits Security Administration, Interpretive Bulletin Relating to the Fiduciary Standard under ERISA in Considering Economically Targeted Investments, 29 CFR  §2509.08-1. Department of Labor (US), Employee Benefits Security Administration, Interpretive Bulletin Relating to Exercise of Shareholder Rights, 29 CFR  §2509.08-2. Department of Labor (US), Employee Benefits Security Administration, News Release n. 08-1448- NAT, U.S. Department of Labor Updates Fiduciary Guidance on Exercising Shareholder Rights and Investing in Economically Targeted Investments, October 16, 2008. Department of Labor (US), Letter from the Department of Labor to William M. Tartikoff, Senior Vice President and General Counsel of Calvert Group Ltd. (May 28, 1998). Disney, R., Crises in Public Pension Programmes in OECD: What are the Reform Options?, 110 THE ECON. J. 1 (2000). DOBSON, ANDREW ED., FAIRNESS AND FUTURITY: ESSAYS ON ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE (2006). DOBSON, ANDREW, JUSTICE AND THE ENVIRONMENT 216-239 (1998). Donald, Scott, Beneficiary, Investor, Citizen: Characterising Australia’s super fund participants, 8 UNIV. N.S.W. LEGAL RESEARCH SERIES [2009]. Doran, Michael, Intergenerational Equity in Fiscal Policy Reform 61 TAX L. REV. 241 (2008). 274 Duncanson, Ian, Equity and Obligations, 39 MODERN L. REV. 268 (1976). EDITH BROWN WEISS, ED., ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND INTERNATIONAL LAW: NEW CHALLENGES AND DIMENSIONS (1992). EDWARDS, KIRSTEN, ESSENTIAL EQUITY AND TRUSTS (2005, 2nd ed). Eijffinger, Sylvester C. W. Jakob de Hahn, The Political Economy of Central-Bank Independence 22 (International Finance Section, Department of Economics, Princeton University, Special Papers in International Economics, No. 19, 1996), princeton.edu/~ies/IES_Special_Papers/SP19.pdf. Entine, Jon, US Investment Funds and Fiduciary Irresponsibility, ETHICAL CORPORATION January 16, 2004. Epstein, G., China’s US Debt Quandary, FORBES BEIJING DISPATCH, 19 March 2009. Exley, Duncan, Westminster View the Bigger Picture, PENSIONS MGM’T, 30 November 2009, Comment, pensionsmanagement.co.uk/news/fullstory.php/aid/5203/View_the_bigger_picture.html. Finn, Frank Peter Ziegler, Prudence and Fiduciary Obligations in the Investment of Trust Funds 7 AUSTL. L.J. 329 (1987) FINN, P.D., FIDUCIARY OBLIGATIONS (1977). Flannigan, Robert, The Fiduciary Obligation, 9 O.J.L.S. 285 (1987). FRATCHER, WILLIAM, THE LAW OF TRUSTS (SCOTT ON TRUSTS) (1988, 4th ed). Friedman, Milton, The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits, N.Y. Times Magazine, 13 September 1970, at SM17. Frischmann, Brett, Some Thoughts on Shortsightedness and Intergenerational Equity, 36 LOYOLA U. CHICAGO L. J. 457 (2005). Gallie, W.B., ‘Essentially Contested Concepts’, 56 PROCEEDINGS ARISTOTELIAN SOC’Y 167 (1955). Garner, C.A., Uncertainty in Keynes General theory: a comment, 15 HISTORY OF POLITICAL ECONOMY 83 (1983). Gaspart, Frederic Axel Gosseries, Are Generational Savings Unjust? 6 POL., PHIL. ECON. 193 (2007). Gatmaytan, Dante B., The Illusion of Intergenerational Equity: Oposa v Factoran as Pyrrhic Victory, 15 GEO. INT’L ENVTL. L. REV. 457 (2003). Gilbert, Natasha, How to avert a global water crisis, NATURE NEWS, 4 October 2010, nature.com/news/2010/101004/full/news.2010.490.html?s=news_rss. GOODIN, ROBERT E., PROTECTING THE VULNERABLE: A REANALYSIS OF OUR SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES (1985). Gray, Jack, Rethinking Investment Beliefs in a Time of Crisis: The Calming Hand of Philosophy, ROTMAN INT’L J. PENSION MGMT 6 (2009). Green, Leslie, Legal Positivism, in THE STANFORD ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PHILOSOPHY (Edward N. Zalta ed., Fall 2009) URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2009/entries/legal-positivism/. Green, Michael D., When Toxic Worlds Collide: Regulatory and common law prescriptions for risk communication, 13 HARV. ENVTL. L. REV. 209 (1989). Greenspan, Alan, We Will Never have a Perfect Model of Risk, FIN. TIMES, 16 March 2009, at 9. Halbach, E.C.J., Trust Investment Law in the Third Restatement, 27 REAL PROP. PROB. TR. J. 407 (1992). Halliwell, Margaret, EQUITY GOOD CONSCIENCE IN A CONTEMPORARY CONTEXT (1997). Hansard, House of Lords, Lord McKenzie of Luton, 10 October 2008, column 917. HART, H.L.A., THE CONCEPT OF LAW (1994). HARVEY, DAVID, THE CONDITION OF POSTMODERNITY (1995). Hawley, James P. Andrew T. Williams, Shifting Ground: Emerging Global Corporate-Governance Standards and the Rise of Fiduciary Capitalism, 37 ENVIRONMENTAL AND PLANNING A 1995 (2005). HAWLEY, JAMES P. ANDREW T. WILLIAMS, THE RISE OF FIDUCIARY CAPITALISM (2000). HAWLEY, JAMES P., SHYAM J. KAMATH, ANDREW T. WILLIAMS, EDS., CORPORATE GOVERNANCE FAILURES: THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONAL INVESTORS IN THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS (2011). Hawley, James P., Political Voice, Fiduciary Activism, and the Institutional Ownership of U.S. Corporations: The Role of Public and Noncorporate Pension Funds, On Inequality: Papers from the 56th Annual Meeting, 38 SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES 415 (1995). HEBB, TESSA, NO SMALL CHANGE: PENSION FUNDS AND CORPORATE ENGAGEMENT (2008). Hebb, Tessa, Pension Funds and Urban Revitalisation: California Case Study A – Private Equity, CalPERS’ California Initiative, Labor Worklife Program Harvard Law School, Working Paper (2005, revised 2006). HELLER, PETER S., INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND, WHO WILL PAY?: COPING WITH AGING SOCIETIES, CLIMATE CHANGE, AND OTHER LONG-TERM FISCAL CHALLENGES (2003). Helm, Dieter, et al., Credibly Carbon Policy, 19 OXFORD REV. ECON. POLICY 438 (2003). Herbert, B., Murray-darling cuts could spark riots’, ABC NEWS ONLINE, 8 October 2010, abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/10/08/3032717.htm. Hess, D., Protecting and Politicizing Public Pension Fund Assets: Empirical evidence on the effects of governance structures and practices, 39 U.C. DAVIS L. REV. 187 (2005). HESSE, AXEL, LONG-TERM AND SUSTAINABLE PENSION INVESTMENTS: A STUDY OF LEADING EUROPEAN PENSION FUNDS (2008). HM TREASURY, BUDGET 2009: BUILDING BRITAIN’S FUTURE (2009). HOLMES, OLIVER WENDELL, THE COMMON LAW (Tim Griffin ed., Transaction Publishers 2005) (1881). Hunter, Michael E., Prudent Investor Rule – Risk Management Update, http://prudentinvestortrustee.com/jurisdictions.html. INSTITUTIONAL INVESTOR GROUP ON CLIMATE CHANGE, INVESTOR STATEMENT ON CLIMATE CHANGE REPORT 2008 (2008). Intergovernmental Agreement on the Environment 1992 (Cth) s 3.5.2. INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE, CLIMATE CHANGE 2007: WORKING GROUP I: THE PHYSICAL SCIENCE BASIS (2007);. INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE, CLIMATE CHANGE 2007: WORKING GROUP II: IMPACTS, ADAPTATION AND VULNERABILITY (2007). INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE, SPECIAL REPORT ON EMISSIONS SCENARIOS (1996). INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE, SYNTHESIS REPORT: CONTRIBUTION OF WORKING GROUPS I, II AND III TO THE FOURTH ASSESSMENT REPORT (2007). Johnson, Keith Frank Jan de Graaf, Network for Sustainable Financial Markets, Consultation Paper No. 2: Modernizing Pension Fund Legal Standards for the 21st Century (2009). Johnson, Stephen P., Note, Trustee Investment: The prudent person rule or modern portfolio theory, you make the choice 44 SYRACUSE L. R. 1175 (1993). Jones, R.N., Managing Climate Change Risks, in THE BENEFITS OF CLIMATE POLICIES: ANALYTICAL AND FRAMEWORK ISSUES, 251 (J. Corfee Morlot and S. Agrawala, eds., 2004). Jowit, Juliette, Review of Questioned IPCC Report Says Conclusions â€Å"Well-Founded†, THE GUARDIAN, 5 July 2010, Environment. Kahneman, Daniel and Amos Tversky, Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision Under Risk 47 ECONOMETRICA 263 (1979). Kahneman, Daniel, A perspective on judgment and choice: Mapping bounded rationality, 58 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST 697 (2003). Keane, Bernard, MDB stakeholders call for RSPT-style campaign against government, CRIKEY, 27 October 2010, crikey.com.au/2010/10/27/mdb-stakeholders-call-for-rspt-style-campaignagainst-government/. Kelly, Patrick J., The Discovery Rule for Personal Injury Statutes of Limitations: Reflections on the British experience 24 WAYNE L. REV. 1641 (1978). KEYNES, JOHN MAYNARD, THE GENERAL THEORY OF EMPLOYMENT, INTEREST AND MONEY (1936). Kinder, Peter, ‘Rigid Rule’ on Economically Targeted Investments: New ERISA Regulations on a Plan’s ‘Economic Interests’, KLD Blog, 25 November 2008, http://blog.kld.com/uncategorized/â€Å"rigidrule†-on-economically-targeted-investments-new-erisa-regulations-on-a-plan’s-â€Å"economic-interests†/. Kirby, Michael, Attacks on Judges – A universal phenomenon 81 JUDICATURE 238 (1998). Kmiec, Keenan D., The Origin and Current Meanings of ‘Judicial Activism’ 92 CAL. L. REV. 1441 (2004). KNIGHT, FRANK, RISK, UNCERTAINTY AND PROFIT (1921). Koedijk, K. A. Slager, Do Institutional Investors Have Sensible Investment Beliefs?, 2 ROTMAN INTERNATIONAL J. OF PENSION MGM’T 12 (2009). Koedijk, K. A. Slager, Investment Beliefs: Every asset manager should have them, 33 J. PORTFOLIO MGM’T 77 (2007). KOOIMAN, JAN, GOVERNING AS GOVERNANCE (2003). Krugman, Paul, Eat the Future, N. Y. TIMES, 13 February 2011, Opinion. L. CRASE ED., WATER POLICY IN AUSTRALIA (2008). LABATT, SONIA RODNEY R. WHITE, CARBON FINANCE: THE FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE (2007). Langbein, John Richard Posner, Social Investing and the Law of Trusts, 79 MICH. L. REV. 72 (1980). Langbein, John H., The Contractarian Basis of the Law of Trusts, 105 YALE L.J. 625 (1995). Langbein, John H., The Inheritance Revolution, PUBLIC INTEREST 15, 22 (Winter 1991). Langbein, John, H., Questioning the Trust Law Duty of Loyalty 114 YALE L.J. P 929 (2005). Langbein, John, H., The Uniform Prudent Investor Act and the Future of Trust Investing 81 IOWA L.R. 641 (1996). Langbein, John, H., Why Did Trust Law Become Statute Law in the United States, 58 ALABAMA L.R. 1069 (2007). Laslett, Peter James S. Fishkin eds., JUSTICE BETWEEN AGE GROUPS AND GENERATIONS (1992). Laverty, Kevin J., Economic ‘Short-Termism’: The Debate, the Unresolved Issues, and the Implications for Management Practice and Research, 21 ACADEMY MGM’T REV. 825 (1996). LAZARUS, RICHARD J., THE MAKING OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW (2004). Lehner, B. et al., Estimating the impact of global change on flood and drought risks in Europe: a continental, integrated analysis, 75 CLIMATIC CHANGE 273 (2006). Litterick, David, Market Falls Add  £40bn to UK Pensions Deficit, DAILY TELEGRAPH, 25 MARCH 2008. Loewenstein, George Richard H. Thaler, Anomalies, 3 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES 181 (1989). LOMBORG, BJORN, COOL IT: THE SKEPTICAL ENVIRONMENTALIST’S GUIDE TO GLOBAL WARMING (2007). MAITLAND, F. W., EQUITY: A COURSE OF LECTURES (2d ed. 1936). Manguiat, Socorro Z. Vicente Paolo B. Yu III, Maximizing the Value of Oposa v Factoran, 15 GEO. INT’L ENVTL. L. REV. 487 (2003). MARATHON CLUB, BEHAVIOURAL ASPECTS OF INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT: LESSONS FROM THE CREDIT CRUNCH (2008). Martin, W., Socially Responsible Investing: Is Your Fiduciary Duty at Risk?, 90 JOURNAL OF BUSINESS ETHICS 549 (2009). Mayer, Sid, PM’s Carbon Tax Will Change Daily Life, Warns Tony Abbott, THE AUSTRALIAN, 8 March 2011. MCCONVILLE, MIKE HONG CHUI WING, RESEARCH METHODS FOR LAW (2007). McKinsey Co, How Companies Manage Sustainability: McKinsey Global Survey Results, MCKINSEY QUARTERLY (March 2010). McKinsey Co., How Companies Manage Sustainability: McKinsey Global Survey Results, MCKINSEY QUARTERLY (March 2010). McWilliams, Abigail Donald Siegel, Event Studies in Management Research: Theoretical and Empirical Issues 40 ACADEMY MGM’T J. 626 (1999). MEAGHER, GUMMOW LEHANE, EQUITY, DOCTRINES REMEDIES (2d ed. 1984). Megarry, Robert, Investing Pension Funds: The mineworkers’ case, T.G. YOUDAN, EQUITY, FIDUCIARIES AND TRUSTS 115 (1989). Menell, Peter S., The Limitations of Legal Institutions for Addressing Environmental Risks 5 J. ECON. PERSPECTIVES 93 (1991). MERCER INVESTMENT CONSULTING FOR THE CARBON TRUST THE INSTITUTIONAL INVESTOR GROUP ON CLIMATE CHANGE, A CLIMATE FOR CHANGE: A TRUSTEE’S GUIDE TO UNDERSTANDING AND ADDRESSING CLIMATE RISK (2005). Merton, Robert Zvi Bodie, The Design of Financial Systems: Towards a Synthesis of Function and Structure, 3 J. INV. MGM’T 1 (2005). MICHELLE BADDELEY, INVESTMENT: THEORIES AND ANALYSIS (2003). Moffatt, Graham, Pension Funds: A Fragmentation of Trust Law 56 M.L.R. 471 (1993). Monk, Ashby, The Geography of Pension Liabilities and Fund Governance in the United States, 4 ENV’T PLANNING A 859 (2009). MULGAN, TIM, FUTURE PEOPLE: A MODERATE CONSEQUENTIALIST ACCOUNT OF OUR OBLIGATIONS TO FUTURE GENERATIONS (2006). Mulkey, Marcia E., Judges and Other Lawmakers: Critical Contributions to Environmental Law Enforcement 4 SUSTAINABLE DEV. L. POL’Y 2 (2004). MURRAY DARLING BASIN AUTHORITY, GUIDE TO THE PROPOSED BASIN PLAN (2010). Murray Darling Basin Authority, Press Release: Plan for the Murray-Darling Basin – Role of Authority Chair (7 December 2010). MYNERS, PAUL, INSTITUTIONAL INVESTMENT IN THE UNITED KINGDOM: A REVIEW (2001). Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Assessing an IPCC assessment: An analysis of statements on projected regional impacts in the 2007 report (2010). New Zealand Government, New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme, CLIMATE CHANGE INFORMATION (6 April 2011, 4:38pm), climatechange.govt.nz/emissions-trading-scheme/. O’Rourke, A., The Message and Methods of Ethical Investment, 11 JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION 683 (2003). OAKLEY, A.J., PARKER AND MELLOWS: THE MODERN LAW OF TRUSTS (8th ed. 2008). Ogden, N.H., et al., Climate change and the potential for range expansion of the Lyme disease vector Ixodes scapularis in Canada, 36 INTERNATIONAL J. PARASITOLOGY 63 (2006). Organisation for Economic Co-operation Development,Pension Fund Assets Climb Back to preCrisis Levels, but Full Recovery Still Uncertain, 8 PENSION MARKETS IN FOCUS 7 (2011). Orlitzky, Marc et al., Corporate Social and Financial Performance: A meta-analysis, 24 ORG. STUDIES 403 (2003). Osofsky, Hari M., Environmental Human Rights Under the Alien Tort Statute: Redress for indigenous victims of multinational corporations, 20 SUFFOLK TRANSNAT’L L. REV. 335 (1997). OSTROM, ELINOR, GOVERNING THE COMMONS: THE EVOLUTION OF INSTITUTIONS FOR COLLECTIVE ACTION (Cambridge University Press 1 ed., 1990). PAGE, EDWARD A., CLIMATE CHANGE, JUSTICE, AND FUTURE GENERATIONS (2006). Palmer, Geoffrey, New Ways To Make Environmental Law, 86 AM. J. INT’L. L. 259 (1992). Panico, Paulo, Trustee Investment Powers in International Trust Law 15 TRUSTS TRUSTEES 96 (2009). PARFIT, DEREK, REASONS AND PERSONS (1984). Parry, M.L. et al., ‘Effects of Climate Change on Global Food Production under SRES Emissions and Socio-economic Scenarios’, 14 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE 53 (2004). Paul A. Barresi, Beyond Fairness to Future Generations: An intragenerational alternative to intergenerational equity in the international environmental arena 11 TUL. ENVTL. L.J. 59 (1997). PAUL PALMER ET AL., SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE INVESTMENT: A GUIDE FOR PENSION SCHEMES AND CHARITIES (Charles Scanlan ed., 2005). Paul R. Portney John Peter Weyant eds., DISCOUNTING AND INTERGENERATIONAL EQUITY (1999). PEARSON, LINDA, CARLOW HARLOW MICHAEL TAGGART EDS., ADMINISTRATIVE LAW IN A CHANGING STATE: ESSAYS IN HONOUR OF MARK ARONSON (2008). Peel, Jacqueline, Climate Change Law: The emergence of a new legal discipline 32 MELB. U. L. REV. 922 (2008). PENNER, J.E., THE LAW OF TRUSTS (6th ed. 2008). Pensions Regulator (UK), Media Centre, Questions and Answers: Scheme specific funding, thepensionsregulator.gov.uk/mediacentre/events/sfWorkshop/ssfQAanswers.aspx. PETTIT, PHILIP, EQUITY AND THE LAW OF TRUSTS (11th ed. 2009). Popper, Karl, CONJECTURES AND REFUTATIONS: THE GROWTH OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE (1963). Popple, James, The Right to Protection from Retroactive Criminal Law, 13 CRIM. L. J. p 251 (1991). Posner, Eric Cass Sunstein, Climate Change Justice 25-6 (U of Chicago Law Economics, Olin Working Paper No. 354 U of Chicago, Public Law Working Paper No. 177, 2007). POSNER, ERIC A., LAW AND SOCIAL NORMS (2000). Posner, Richard A., Legal Scholarship Today, 115 HARVARD L. R. 1314 (2002). Pound, Roscoe, The Decadence of Equity 5 Colum. L. Rev 20 (1905). Prall, Stuart E., The Development of Equity in Tudor England, 8 AM. J. LEGAL HIST. 1 (1964). PRATTEN, C. S. SATCHELL, PENSION FUND SCHEME INVESTMENT POLICIES, DSS Research Report No. 82 (1998). Preston, Brian, The Role of the Judiciary in Promoting Sustainable Development: The experience of Asia and the Pacific, 2 (Sydney Law School, Legal Research Paper No. 08/46, 2008). Puvimanasinhe, Shyami, Towards a Jurisprudence of Sustainable Development in South Africa: Litigation in the public interest, 10 SUSTAINABLE DEV. L. POL’Y 41 (2009). Ratner, B.D., ‘Sustainability’ as a Dialogue of Values: Challenges to the sociology of development, 47 SOCIOLOGICAL INQUIRY 50 (2004). RAWLS, JOHN, A THEORY OF JUSTICE (1st ed. 1971). RAWLS, JOHN, POLITICAL LIBERALISM (2005); Razzaque, Jona, Human Rights and the Environment: the national experience in South Asia and Africa, (Joint UNEP-OHCHR Expert Seminar on Human Rights and the Environment, Background Paper No. 4, 14 -16 January 2002). REDGWELL, CATHERINE, INTERGENERATIONAL TRUSTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION (1999). Request for an Examination of the Situation in Accordance with Paragraph 63 of the Court’s Judgment of 20 December 1974 in the Nuclear Tests Case (N.Z. v Fr.) (1995) I.C.J. 288 (Sept. 22). Richardson, Benjamin J., Do the Fiduciary Duties of Pension Funds Hinder Socially Responsible Investment?, 22 BANKING FIN. L. REV. 145 (2007). Richardson, Benjamin J., Keeping Ethical Investment Ethical: Regulatory Issues for Investing for Sustainability, 87 J. BUS. ETHICS 555 (2009). Richardson, Benjamin R., Keeping Ethical Investment Ethical: Regulatory Issues for Investing for Sustainability, 87 J. BUS. ETHICS, 555 (2009). Richardson, Benjamin, Climate Finance and its Governance: Moving to a low carbon economy through socially responsible financing?, 58 INT. COMP. L. Q. 597 (2009). Richardson, Benjamin, Putting Ethics into Environmental Law: Fiduciary Duties for Ethical Investment, 46 OSGOODE HALL L.J. 243 (2008). RICHARDSON, BENJAMIN, SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE INVESTMENT LAW (2008). ROBERT AXELROD, THE EVOLUTION OF COOPERATION (1984). Roberts, I., et al., Factors Affecting Australian Agricultural Exports, Report 09.5, Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics 2 (2009). ROBERTS, MELINDA A. DAVID T. WASSERMAN EDS., HARMING FUTURE PERSONS (2009). Roe, M. J., Legal origins, politics, and stock markets, 120 HARVARD L. REV. 460 (2006). Rose, Anna, Case and Comment, Gray v Minister for Planning: The rising tide of climate change litigation in Australia, 27 SYDNEY L. REV. 725 (2007). Rosencranz, Armin, The Origin and Emergence of International Environmental Norms, 26 HASTINGS INT’L COMP. L. REV. 309 (2003). Sackville, Ronald, Continuity and Judicial Creativity – Some observations 20 U. NEW SOUTH WALES L. J. 145 (1997). Samuelson, William and Richard Zeckhauser, Status quo Bias in Decision-making,1 J. RISK AND UNCERTAINTY 7 (1988). Sandberg, Joachim et al., The Heterogeneity of Socially Responsible Investment, 87 J. BUS. ETHICS 519 (2009). SANDS, PHILIPPE, PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW (2nd ed. 2003). SANTOS, F.D., K. FORBES, AND R. MOITA, EDS., CLIMATE CHANGE IN PORTUGAL: SCENARIOS, IMPACTS AND ADAPTION MEASURES (2002). Sarat, Austin, Vitality Amidst Fragmentation: On the Emergence of Postrealist Law and Society Scholarship, in THE BLACKWELL COMPANION TO LAW AND SOCIETY (Austin Sarat ed., 2004), blackwellreference.com/subscriber/tocnode?id=g9780631228967_chunk_g978063122896 73. SCALIA, ANTONIN AMY GUTMANN, A MATTER OF INTERPRETATION: FEDERAL COURTS AND THE LAW 133 (1997). Schueth, Steve, Socially Responsible Investing in the United States, 43 J. BUS. ETHICS 189 (2003). SCOTT-HUNT, SUSAN HILARY LIM EDS., FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES ON EQUITY TRUSTS (2001). Sealy, L.S., Fiduciary Relationships, CAMBRIDGE L.J. 69 [1962]. Selway QC, Bradley, The Principle Behind Common Law Judicial Review of Administrative Action – The search continues, 30 FED. L. REV. 217 (2002). Senior, Christine, Green is Good, PROFESSIONAL PENSIONS, 26 March 2009, Feature Article. Sethi, S.P., Investing in Socially Responsible Companies is a must for Public Pension Funds: Because there is no better alternative, 56 J. BUS. ETHICS 99 (2005). Shaw, Bill, et al., ‘Investment Prudence and Fiduciary Responsibility in Managing Defined benefit Pension Funds Under ERISA’, 22 SUFFOLK U. L. REV. 83 (1988). Sheen, Andrew, Walk the Line, GLOBAL PENSIONS, 26 November 2008. Silveira, Mary Pat Williams, International Legal Instruments and Sustainable Development: Principles, requirements, and restructuring 31 WILLAMETTE L. REV. 239 (1995). Simon, Herbert A., Bounded Rationality and Organizational Learning, 2 ORGANIZATION SCIENCE 124 (1991). Skypala, Pauline, Clear Investment Beliefs are Crucial, FIN. TIMES, 11 October 2009, at 6. Smith, Stephen, Joseph Swierzbinski, Assessing the Performance of the UK Emissions Trading Scheme 37 ENVTL. RESOURCE ECON. 131 (2007). Sparkes, Russell Christopher J. Cowton, The Maturing of Socially Responsible Investment: A Review of the Developing Link with Corporate Social Responsibility, 52 J. BUS. ETHICS 45 (2004). SPARKES, RUSSELL, SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE INVESTMENT: A GLOBAL REVOLUTION (2002). Stern, Nicholas Joseph Stiglitz, Obama’s Chance to Lead the Green Recovery, FINANCIAL TIMES, March 2, 2009, Opinion (arguing that the financial crisis and climate change may have common solutions), ft.com/cms/s/0/7c51644a-075b-11de-9294–000077b07658.html. STERN, NICHOLAS, THE ECONOMICS OF CLIMATE CHANGE: THE STERN REVIEW (2006). Stern, Nicholas, What is the Economics of Climate Change?, 7 WORLD ECON. 1 (2006). 282 Stiglitz, Joseph E., Capital-Market Liberalization, Globalization, and the IMF, 20 OXFORD REV. ECON. POLICY 57 (2004). STRETTON, TIM, WOMEN WAGING LAW IN ELIZABETHAN ENGLAND (1998). Sunstein, Cass Arden Rowell, On Discounting Regulatory Benefits: Risk, Money and Intergenerational Equity, 74 U. CHI. L. REV. 171 (2007). Sunstein, Cass Richard Thaler, Libertarian Paternalism is not an Oxy Moron, 70 U. CH. L. REV. 1159 (2003). Sunstein, Cass, Interpreting Statutes in the Regulatory State 103 HARV. L. REV. 405 (1989). Sunstein, Cass, Two Conceptions of Irreversible Environmental Harm, 4 (John M. Olin Law Econ. Working Paper No. 407 (2d series); Chicago Public Law Legal Theory Working Paper No. 218; Reg-Markets Center AEI Center for Regulatory Market Studies Working Paper 08-16; 2008). Thakor, Anjan v Jess Beltz, A ‘Barter’ Theory of Bank Regulation and Credit Allocation, 26 J. MONEY, CREDIT BANKING 679 (1994). The Economist, Asset Backed Insecurity, 17 January 2008, economist.com/node/10533428?story_id=10533428. The Effects of Recent Turmoil in Fin. Markets on Ret. Sec.: Hearing Before the H. Comm. on Educ. and Labor, October 7, 2008 (statement of Peter R. Orszag, director, Congressional Budget Office), cbo.gov/ftpdocs/98xx/doc9864/10–07-RetirementSecurity_Testimony.pdf. Thomas, C.J. et al., Mixed picture for changes in stable malaria distribution with future climate in Africa, 20 TRENDS PARASITOLOGICAL 216 (2004), THOMPSON, JANNA, INTERGENERATIONAL JUSTICE (2009). Thornton, Rosy, Ethical Investments: a case of disjointed thinking, Cambridge .L.J. 396 [2008]. TOWERS WATSON, GLOBAL PENSION ASSET STUDY (2011). Turner, Adair, How to Tame Global Finance, Features, PROSPECT MAGAZINE, 27 August 2009. U.K. Office of National Statistics, Share Ownership (27 January 2010), statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=107. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, BUDGET OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT, FISCAL YEAR 2011 (2009). UNGER, ROBERTO, WHAT SHOULD LEGAL ANALYSIS BECOME? (1996). UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAM FINANCE INITIATIVE, FIDUCIARY RESPONSIBILITY: LEGAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF INTEGRATING ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND GOVERNANCE ISSUES INTO INSTITUTIONAL INVESTMENT (2009). UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME FINANCE INITIATIVE, A LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE INTEGRATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND GOVERNANCE ISSUES INTO INSTITUTIONAL INVESTMENT (2005). Van Marrewijk, M., Concepts and Definitions of CSR and Corporate Sustainability: Between agency and communion, 44 JOURNAL OF BUSINESS ETHICS 95 (2003). Viederman, Steve, Addressing Obstacles to Social Investing, 6 J. Practical Estates Planning 48 (2004). 283 VONNEGUT, KURT, SLAUGHTERHOUSE FIVE (Vintage, 2000) (1969). Vos, R.O., Defining Sustainability: A conceptual orientation, 82 J. CHEM. TECH. BIOTECH. 334 (2007). Waitzer, Ed, Defeating Short-Termism: Why Pension Funds must Lead, 2 ROTMAN INT’L J. PENSION MGM’T 4 (2009). Walker, Sue Sheridan, Free consent and marriage of feudal wards in medieval England, 8 J. MEDIEVAL HISTORY 123 (1982). Walsh, Mary Williams, Public Pension Funds are Adding Risk to Raise Returns, N.Y. TIMES, 9 March 2010, Business Day. Watchler, Sol, Judicial Lawmaking 65 N. Y. U. L. REV. 1 (1990). Waters, Donovan, The Trust: Continual Evolution of a Centuries-Old Idea 14 J. INT’L. Trust and Corp. Plan. 257 (2007). WATSON WYATT, MACRO FACTORS: THE UPDATE (2005). Weinrib, Ernest J., The Fiduciary Obligation 25 U. TORONTO L.J. 1 (1975). Weiss, Edith Brown, In Fairness to Future Generations and Sustainable Development 8 AM. U. J. INT’L L. POL’Y 23 (1992). Wheelan, Hugh, Integrating ESG into Mainstream Portfolios, RESPONSIBLE INVESTOR 1, 1 (2008). Williams, George, When Water Pours into Legal Minefields, SYDNEY MORNING HERALD, 26 October 2010. Williams, L.S., The Mission Statement, 45 JOURNAL OF BUSINESS COMMUNICATION 94 (2009). Wilson, Lauren, Minister Distances Himself from Murray-Darling Basin Report, THE AUSTRALIAN, 23 October 2010. Wirth, David, The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development: Two steps forward and one back, or vice versa? 19 GA. L. R. 599 (1995). Woll, Lisa, Cheryl Smith, Social Investment Forum, Letter to Bradford P Campbell, Assistant Secretary, Employee Benefit Security Administration, US Department of Labor, 19 December 2008, socialinvest.org/news/releases/pressrelease.cfm?id=129. Wood, Mary Christina, â€Å"You Can’t Negotiate with a Beetle†: Environmental law for a new ecological age, 50 NATURAL RES. J. 167 (2010). Woods, Claire Roger Urwin, Putting Sustainable Investing into Practice: A Governance Framework for Pension Funds, 92 J. BUS. ETHICS 1 (2010). WORLD COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENT DEVELOPMENT, OUR COMMON FUTURE (1987). WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM, WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM ANNUAL MEETING: THE POWER OF COLLABORATIVE INNOVATION 2008 (2008). CASE LAW: AUSTRALIA Anderson v Director-General of the Department of Environment and Conservation (2006) 144 LGERA 43. Bentley v BGP Properties Pty Ltd [2006] NSWLEC 34. BT Goldsmith Planning Services Pty Ltd v Blacktown City Council [2005] NSWLEC 210. Gray v Minister for Planning [2006] NSWLEC 720. Hospital Products Ltd v United States Surgical Corporation (1984) 156 CLR 41. Minister for Aboriginal Affairs v Peko-Wallsend Ltd (1986) 162 CLR 24. Anvil Hill Project Watch Association Inc v Minister for the Environment Water Resources (2007) 243 ALR 784. Taralga Landscape Guardians Inc v Minister for Planning [2007] NSWLEC 59. Walker v Minister for Planning [2007] NSWLEC 741. CASE LAW: UNITED KINGDOM Barlett v Barclays Bank Trust Co Ltd [1980] Ch 515. Bartlett v Barclays Bank Trust Co Ltd [1980] Ch 515. Bristol West Building Society v Mothew [1998] Ch 1. Cowan v Scargill [1985] 1 Ch 270. Duke of Portland v Lady Topham (1864) 11 HL Cas 32. Harries v Church Commissioners for England [1992] 1 WLR 1241. Imperial Group Pension Trust Ltd v Imperial Tobacco Ltd [1991] 1 WLR 589. Keech v Sandford (1726) 25 ER 223. Learoyd v Whitely (1887) 12 AC 727. Martin v City of Edinburgh District Council [1988] SLT 329. Pickwell v Camden London Borough Council [1983] QB 962. Re Northcliffe [1925] Ch 651. Re Whiteley, Whiteley v Learoyd (1886) 33 ChD 347. Roberts v Hopwood [1925] AC 578. Speight v Gaunt (1883) 9 App Cas 1. CASE LAW: UNITED STATES Bd. of Tr. Employee Ret. Sys. City of Baltimore v City of Baltimore 317 Md. 72 (1989). Blankenship v Boyle, 329 F. Supp. 1089 (D.D.C. 1971). Board of Trustees v Mayor of Baltimore City 317 Md. 72, 562 A.2d 720 (1989). Burnet v Coronado Oil Gas Co., 285 U.S. 393, 52 S. Ct. 443, 76 L. Ed. 815 [1932]. Harvard College v Amory 26 Mass. (9 Pick.) (1830). King v Talbot 40 N.Y. 76 (1869). Meinhard v Salmon 164 N.E. 545 (N.Y. 1928) (US). Univ. of Oregon v Oregon Inv. Council 82 Or. App. 145 (1987), 728 P.2d 30. Withers v Teachers’ Ret. Sys. of City of N.Y., 447 F. Supp. 1248 (S.D.N.Y. 1978). CASE LAW: INTERNATIONAL OTHER Case concerning the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia) 37 ILM (1998) 162 (ICJ). Jagannath v Union of India (1999) 2 S.C.C. 87 (India). Oposa v Factoran, 224 SCRA 792 (1993) (Philippines). Request for an Examination of the Situation in Accordance with Paragraph 63 of the Court’s Judgment of 20 December 1974 in the Nuclear Tests Case (N.Z. v Fr.) (1995) I.C.J. 288 (Sept. 22). W.P. no. 278 (1996) (Bangladesh). W.P. no. 300 (1995) (Bangladesh). LEGISLATION: AUSTRALIA CONSTITUTION OF AUSTRALIA. Environment Protection Act (1970) (VIC). Environmental Protection Act (1986) (Cth). Future Fund Act (2006) (Cth). Intergovernmental Agreement on the Environment (1992) (Cth). Land and Environment Court Act (1979) (NSW). Land and Environment Court Act (1979) (NSW). National Environment Protection Council Act (1994) (NT). National Environment Protection Council Act (1994) (QLD). National Environment Protection Council Act (1995) (SA). National Environmental Protection Council Act (1994) (Cth). Planning and Development Act (2007) (ACT). Protection of the Environment Administration Act (1991) (NSW). Water Act (2007) (Cth). LEGISLATION: UNITED KINGDOM Bubble Act (1719) (England). Combined Code on Corporate Governance (2003) (UK). Companies Act (2006) (UK). Judicature Acts (1873) (UK). Law of Property (Amendment Act) (1859) (England). Metropolis Management Act (1855) (UK). Occupational Pension Schemes (Investment) Regulations (2005) (UK). Pensions Act (1995) (UK). Trust Investment Act (1889) (England). Trustee Act (1925) (England Wales). Trustee Act (2000) (England Wales). Trustee Investment Act (1961) (England Wales). LEGISLATION: UNITED STATES Employee Retirement Income Security Act, 29 USC (1974) (US). RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF TRUSTS (1992) (US). Uniform Prudent Investor Act (US). INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS Convention on Climate Change, 31 ILM 818 (1992). Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, 31 ILM 874 (1992) Previous Page   Ã‚  Legal and Institutional Reflections

Calculate Cross-Price Elasticity of Demand (Calculus)

Calculate Cross-Price Elasticity of Demand (Calculus) Suppose youre given the following question: Demand is Q 3000 - 4P 5ln(P), where P is the price for good Q, and P is the price of the competitors good. What is the cross-price elasticity of demand when our price is $5 and our competitor is charging $10? We saw that we can calculate any elasticity by the formula: Elasticity of Z with respect to Y (dZ / dY)*(Y/Z) In the case of cross-price elasticity of demand, we are interested in the elasticity of quantity demand with respect to the other firms price P. Thus we can use the following equation: Cross-price elasticity of demand (dQ / dP)*(P/Q) In order to use this equation, we must have quantity alone on the left-hand side, and the right-hand side be some function of the other firms price. That is the case in our demand equation of Q 3000 - 4P 5ln(P). Thus we differentiate with respect to P and get: dQ/dP 5/P So we substitute dQ/dP 5/P and Q 3000 - 4P 5ln(P) into our cross-price elasticity of demand equation: Cross-price elasticity of demand (dQ / dP)*(P/Q)Cross-price elasticity of demand (5/P)*(P/(3000 -4P 5ln(P))) Were interested in finding what the cross-price elasticity of demand is at P 5 and P 10, so we substitute these into our cross-price elasticity of demand equation: Cross-price elasticity of demand (5/P)*(P/(3000 -4P 5ln(P)))Cross-price elasticity of demand (5/10)*(5/(3000 - 20 5ln(10)))Cross-price elasticity of demand 0.5 * (5 / 3000 - 20 11.51)Cross-price elasticity of demand: 0.5 * (5 / 2991.51)Cross-price elasticity of demand: 0.5 * 0.00167Cross-price elasticity of demand: 0.5 * 0.000835 Thus our cross-price elasticity of demand is 0.000835. Since it is greater than 0, we say that goods are substitutes. Other Price Elasticity Equations Using Calculus To Calculate Price Elasticity of DemandUsing Calculus To Calculate Income Elasticity of DemandUsing Calculus To Calculate Price Elasticity of Supply

Privacy is not the most important right Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Privacy is not the most important right - Essay Example Different nations, religions and communities have marked differences in the idea to the extent to which a person is authorized to keep his personal data and information private and what is the boundary limits for another person or body to interfere into the private life and data of the other person or body or organization. Some nations and religions believe that privacy is a fundamental right of the people and they must be free to practice privacy to any extent. It is also considered that it is the right of a person that no one other than the person concerned can interfere in the private data; in fact it is against the law and a serious crime to break into the private data of a person without his acknowledgement and permission (Starkey, 2012). But privacy is not the most important right of a person or an organization. It a fundamental right but not the most important right. Privacy is important in one’s life because without privacy it would become impossible for a person to live his own life; he would just become a puppet ruled by others. But other than right of privacy there are certain other rights that are ranked far more important and necessary for a person to live a peaceful and serene life. For a person to remain happy and spend a satisfied and contended life he must be given the freedom to speak out his voice, his ideas and views. He must be allowed to give suggestions regarding any issue; he must have the freedom to speak against or for an issue in public without the fear of getting any sort of harm. The person must be free from all sorts of fear if he speaks out the truth in front of the people or the leaders. It is the right of the people that the government assures the people that they will be listened a nd their ideas accepted if possible and they will not be provided with any sort of harm or difficulty regarding their views or opinions that have been presented by them. Without having the